What does κακόω (kakóō) mean in the Bible?
κακόω (kakóō): To afflict or ill-treat physically; also to embitter or exasperate someone's disposition.
Greek · G2559
κακόω
To injure; figuratively, to exasperate
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κακόωG2559
Pronunciationkakóō
What does κακόω (kakóō) mean in the Bible?
κακόω (kakóō): To afflict or ill-treat physically; also to embitter or exasperate someone's disposition.
Full entry for κακόω (G2559) · Open the biblical lexicon
Questions this entry answers
How does the BSB render G2559?
The BSB source-word alignment has 6 aligned rows for this entry. Common renderings include . . . (1), [and] oppressed (1), can harm (1), mistreated (1), poisoned (1).
Where does κακόω (kakóō) appear in Scripture?
The source-word alignment first shows this entry at Acts 7:6. Its strongest book concentrations include Acts (5), 1 Peter (1).
Source Word Evidence
BSB source-word alignment connects this entry to exact verse rows, English rendering, source form, transliteration, and parsing.
How English Renders It. . .1×Acts 18:10
[and] oppressed1×Acts 7:19
can harm1×1 Peter 3:13
mistreated1×Acts 7:6
poisoned1×Acts 14:2
to harm1×Acts 12:1
Show sample aligned rows
Acts 7:6κακώσουσινtomistreatedVerb - Future Indicative Active - 3rd Person PluralActs 7:19ἐκάκωσενto[and] oppressedVerb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person SingularActs 12:1κακῶσαίtoto harmVerb - Aorist Infinitive ActiveActs 14:2ἐκάκωσανtopoisonedVerb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person PluralActs 18:10κακῶσαίto. . .Verb - Aorist Infinitive Active1 Peter 3:13κακώσωνtocan harmVerb - Future Participle Active - Nominative Masculine Singular
Usage map
A compact distribution from source-word alignment before the full evidence tables.
First aligned rowActs 7:6
Aligned rows6
Books represented2
Acts51 Peter1
Source forms
κακῶσαί2xkakōsaiActs 12:1, Acts 18:10
ἐκάκωσαν1xekakōsanActs 14:2
ἐκάκωσεν1xekakōsenActs 7:19
κακώσουσιν1xkakōsousinActs 7:6
κακώσων1xkakōsōn1 Peter 3:13
Parsing patterns
Verb - Aorist Infinitive Active2xActs 12:1, Acts 18:10
Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Plural1xActs 14:2
Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular1xActs 7:19
Verb - Future Indicative Active - 3rd Person Plural1xActs 7:6
Verb - Future Participle Active - Nominative Masculine Singular1x1 Peter 3:13
Evidence Summary
Greek word. To afflict or ill-treat physically; also to embitter or exasperate someone's disposition.
Strong'sG2559
Lexical occurrences6 versesGreek text appearances6 timesWord forms3 forms6 referencesVerse guides0 guides
Study linkActs 7:6Source Gloss
to injure; figuratively, to exasperate
Extended definitionSource: STEPBible TBESG + Abbott-Smith
To afflict or ill-treat physically; also to embitter or exasperate someone's disposition.
(κακός), [in LXX chiefly for רָעַע hi., עָנָה pi. ;]
2(not in cl.), to embitter (Psa.106:32): Act.14:2,
Greek Text Appearances
Textus Receptus witness, full corpusGreek token appearances from Scrivener 1894 Textus Receptus in the full New Testament corpus.
6 Greek text appearances shown. Linked morphology labels have verse guides.
Acts 7:6Verb Third Person Plural Future Active Indicative
κακώσουσιν,kakwsousin
I treat badly
Read verseActs 7:19Verb Third Person Singular Aorist Active Indicative
ἐκάκωσεekakwsen
I treat badly
Read verseActs 12:1Verb Aorist Active Infinitive
κακῶσαίkakwsai
I treat badly
Read verseActs 14:2Verb Third Person Plural Aorist Active Indicative
ἐκάκωσανekakwsan
I treat badly
Read verseActs 18:10Verb Aorist Active Infinitive
κακῶσαίkakwsai
I treat badly
Read verse1 Peter 3:13Verb Future Active Participle Nominative Singular Masculine
κακώσωνkakwswn
I treat badly
Read verseFull New Testament corpus: 260 chapters, 7,957 verses, 140,628 tokens. Data source: honza/textus-receptus (data only), with authority check against byztxt/greektext-textus-receptus.
Grammatical Forms
How mood, tense, and voice shift the force of this verb in context.
This verb appears through different tense, voice, mood, or stem patterns. Those forms help readers see how the action is presented in context.
Form groups3Aligned forms6TensesAorist, FutureVoicesActive
Verse guides are not available for this word yet, so verse references remain plain evidence markers.
Tenses
Voices
Infinitiveverbal noun — the action in abstract2×
Aorist ActiveActs 12:1 · Acts 18:102×
Indicativestates a fact or reality3×
Aorist ActiveActs 7:19 · Acts 14:22×
Future ActiveActs 7:61×
Participleverbal adjective — the action as a modifying quality1×
Future Active1 Pet 3:131×
Discourse Aspect
How this verb appears across 4 occurrences in the NT discourse index (MACULA Greek SBLGNT).
Aspect
Tense
aorist3future1
Voice
active4
Mood
infinitive2participle1indicative1
NT Occurrences
Aspect reflects grammatical form — not authorial emphasis. Participles and infinitives are verbal adjectives and nouns respectively.
Clause data: MACULA Greek (Clear Bible, CC BY 4.0) · SBLGNT (Logos/SBL, CC BY 4.0)
Selected Scripture Witnesses
Selected passage-level study witnesses for this word. This section is not the full occurrence list.
Biblical Witnesses
to ill-treat or oppress a people in bondage
to mistreat or oppress a specific group through cruel treatment
to afflict or harass members of the church community
to injure or do harm when one is zealous for good
Showing 4 selected witnesses from 6 lexical occurrence verses.
Word Origins
κακόω is built from this root:
Part of These Phrases
Compound and idiomatic phrases that include this word. Follow a link to study the phrase and how its parts work together.