What does κακόω (kakóō) mean in the Bible?
κακόω (kakóō): To afflict or ill-treat physically; also to embitter or exasperate someone's disposition.
Greek · G2559
κακόω
To injure; figuratively, to exasperate
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κακόω G2559
Pronunciation kakóō
What does κακόω (kakóō) mean in the Bible?
κακόω (kakóō): To afflict or ill-treat physically; also to embitter or exasperate someone's disposition.
Full entry for κακόω (G2559) · Open the biblical lexicon
Questions this entry answers
How does the BSB render G2559?
The BSB source-word alignment has 6 aligned rows for this entry. Common renderings include . . . (1), [and] oppressed (1), can harm (1), mistreated (1), poisoned (1).
Where does κακόω (kakóō) appear in Scripture?
The source-word alignment first shows this entry at Acts 7:6. Its strongest book concentrations include Acts (5), 1 Peter (1).
Source Word Evidence
BSB source-word alignment connects this entry to exact verse rows, English rendering, source form, transliteration, and parsing.
How English Renders It . . . 1× Acts 18:10
[and] oppressed 1× Acts 7:19
can harm 1× 1 Peter 3:13
mistreated 1× Acts 7:6
poisoned 1× Acts 14:2
to harm 1× Acts 12:1
Show sample aligned rows
Acts 7:6 κακώσουσιν to mistreated Verb - Future Indicative Active - 3rd Person Plural Acts 7:19 ἐκάκωσεν to [and] oppressed Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular Acts 12:1 κακῶσαί to to harm Verb - Aorist Infinitive Active Acts 14:2 ἐκάκωσαν to poisoned Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Plural Acts 18:10 κακῶσαί to . . . Verb - Aorist Infinitive Active 1 Peter 3:13 κακώσων to can harm Verb - Future Participle Active - Nominative Masculine Singular
Usage map
A compact distribution from source-word alignment before the full evidence tables.
First aligned row Acts 7:6
Aligned rows 6
Books represented 2
Acts 5 1 Peter 1
Source forms
κακῶσαί 2x kakōsai Acts 12:1, Acts 18:10
ἐκάκωσαν 1x ekakōsan Acts 14:2
ἐκάκωσεν 1x ekakōsen Acts 7:19
κακώσουσιν 1x kakōsousin Acts 7:6
κακώσων 1x kakōsōn 1 Peter 3:13
Parsing patterns
Verb - Aorist Infinitive Active 2x Acts 12:1, Acts 18:10
Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Plural 1x Acts 14:2
Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular 1x Acts 7:19
Verb - Future Indicative Active - 3rd Person Plural 1x Acts 7:6
Verb - Future Participle Active - Nominative Masculine Singular 1x 1 Peter 3:13
Evidence Summary
Greek word. To afflict or ill-treat physically; also to embitter or exasperate someone's disposition.
Strong's G2559
Lexical occurrences 6 verses Greek text appearances 6 times Word forms 3 forms 6 references Verse guides 0 guides
Study link Acts 7:6 Source Gloss
to injure; figuratively, to exasperate
Extended definition Source: STEPBible TBESG + Abbott-Smith
To afflict or ill-treat physically; also to embitter or exasperate someone's disposition.
(κακός), [in LXX chiefly for רָעַע hi., עָנָה pi. ;]
2(not in cl.), to embitter (Psa.106:32): Act.14:2,
Greek Text Appearances
Textus Receptus witness, full corpus Greek token appearances from Scrivener 1894 Textus Receptus in the full New Testament corpus.
6 Greek text appearances shown. Linked morphology labels have verse guides.
Acts 7:6 Verb Third Person Plural Future Active Indicative
κακώσουσιν, kakwsousin
I treat badly
Read verse Acts 7:19 Verb Third Person Singular Aorist Active Indicative
ἐκάκωσε ekakwsen
I treat badly
Read verse Acts 12:1 Verb Aorist Active Infinitive
κακῶσαί kakwsai
I treat badly
Read verse Acts 14:2 Verb Third Person Plural Aorist Active Indicative
ἐκάκωσαν ekakwsan
I treat badly
Read verse Acts 18:10 Verb Aorist Active Infinitive
κακῶσαί kakwsai
I treat badly
Read verse 1 Peter 3:13 Verb Future Active Participle Nominative Singular Masculine
κακώσων kakwswn
I treat badly
Read verseFull New Testament corpus: 260 chapters, 7,957 verses, 140,628 tokens. Data source: honza/textus-receptus (data only), with authority check against byztxt/greektext-textus-receptus.
Grammatical Forms
How mood, tense, and voice shift the force of this verb in context.
This verb appears through different tense, voice, mood, or stem patterns. Those forms help readers see how the action is presented in context.
Form groups 3 Aligned forms 6 Tenses Aorist, Future Voices Active
Verse guides are not available for this word yet, so verse references remain plain evidence markers.
Tenses
Voices
Infinitive verbal noun — the action in abstract 2×
Aorist Active Acts 12:1 · Acts 18:10 2×
Indicative states a fact or reality 3×
Aorist Active Acts 7:19 · Acts 14:2 2×
Future Active Acts 7:6 1×
Participle verbal adjective — the action as a modifying quality 1×
Future Active 1 Pet 3:13 1×
Discourse Aspect
How this verb appears across 4 occurrences in the NT discourse index (MACULA Greek SBLGNT).
Aspect
Tense
aorist 3 future 1
Voice
active 4
Mood
infinitive 2 participle 1 indicative 1
NT Occurrences
Aspect reflects grammatical form — not authorial emphasis. Participles and infinitives are verbal adjectives and nouns respectively.
Clause data: MACULA Greek (Clear Bible, CC BY 4.0) · SBLGNT (Logos/SBL, CC BY 4.0)
Selected Scripture Witnesses
Selected passage-level study witnesses for this word. This section is not the full occurrence list.
Biblical Witnesses
to ill-treat or oppress a people in bondage
to mistreat or oppress a specific group through cruel treatment
to afflict or harass members of the church community
to injure or do harm when one is zealous for good
Showing 4 selected witnesses from 6 lexical occurrence verses.
Word Origins
κακόω is built from this root:
Part of These Phrases
Compound and idiomatic phrases that include this word. Follow a link to study the phrase and how its parts work together.
Sources
MorphGNT Strong's Dictionary XML — CC0 1.0 Public Domain
Open Scriptures Hebrew Bible (morphhb/OSHB) — CC BY 4.0
Open Scriptures Hebrew Lexicon — CC BY 4.0
Berean Standard Bible (BSB) source-word alignment - CC0 Public Domain