μαρτυρουμένη (marturoumene) in Romans 3:21: Verb Present Passive Participle Nominative Singular Feminine

Verb: the form is a participial verbal form that can describe an action or state while functioning like an adjective.

Present: often views the action as in progress, customary, or presently in view. Context decides the exact force.

Passive: presents the subject as receiving or being affected by the action.

Participle: carries a verbal idea while also functioning like an adjective or clause element. Context decides its role.

Nominative: the participle is shaped to agree with the noun it describes, and here it fits the clause's nominative subject.

Singular: the form is grammatically singular here, matching the single righteousness named in the verse.

Feminine: the form is feminine because it agrees with the feminine noun it modifies, and this does not by itself make a theological gender claim.

δικαιοσύνη Θεοῦ

The participle is attached to the subject phrase and is followed by ὑπὸ τοῦ νόμου καὶ τῶν προφητῶν, which shows how the righteousness is being described.

It functions descriptively, saying that the righteousness of God is being testified to or confirmed by the Law and the Prophets.

It does not introduce a new subject, and it does not replace the main verb πεφανέρωται or change the core claim that the righteousness has been manifested.

High: The participle describes the righteousness of God as attested by the Law and the Prophets.

Nominative participle modifying righteousness. adds witness language to the revealed righteousness. Attached to the righteousness of God being attested. Governed by the clause about righteousness manifested apart from law. The passive participle adds attestation language but does not replace the main verb.

What bears witness to the righteousness now manifested? The Law and the Prophets bear witness to it.

Direct: The participle directly supports a rendering such as "being witnessed to" or "attested by."

The passive participle should be read with the explicit witness phrase, not as hidden agency by itself. The feminine form agrees with righteousness and does not carry a gendered theological claim.

Passive voice hides agency: Romans 3:21 names the Law and Prophets as the witness phrase. participle replaces the main verb: The main claim is that righteousness has been manifested; the participle adds witness support.

The witness reads μαρτυρουμένη in Romans 3:21, with the textus receptus and Scrivener 1894 placing it after πεφανέρωται and before ὑπὸ τοῦ νόμου καὶ τῶν προφητῶν.

The lemma μαρτυρέω means to testify or bear witness, so the participle carries the idea of giving supporting testimony.

Because it is a feminine nominative singular participle, it naturally agrees with δικαιοσύνη Θεοῦ and describes that righteousness rather than standing apart as a separate event.

In this verse, the righteousness of God is said to have been manifested now apart from law, and this manifested righteousness is also attested by the Law and the Prophets.

The wording fits a broader biblical pattern in which earlier Scripture gives witness that helps interpret the present revelation of God.

For readers, the participle signals confirmation and continuity, not contradiction, so the verse reads as fulfilled witness rather than isolated novelty.

Do not infer from the participle alone the identity of the witnesses, the full mechanics of their testimony, or any theological claim beyond the context's own witness language.