ἐπιφέρων (epipheron) in Romans 3:5: Verb Present Active Participle Nominative Singular Masculine

Verb: the form is a participle, so it functions verbally while also describing a noun in the clause.

Present: often views the action as in progress, customary, or presently in view. Context decides the exact force.

Active: presents the subject as doing or carrying the action.

Participle: carries a verbal idea while also functioning like an adjective or clause element. Context decides its role.

Nominative: the participle is shaped to agree with the noun it describes and to fit the clause's subject-level structure.

Singular: the form is singular here, matching one described referent rather than a group.

Masculine: the form is masculine in agreement, which signals grammatical matching and not a theological statement about sex or status.

It is attached to ὁ Θεός and the article before it marks the participle as a descriptive unit with that noun.

The participle is governed by the surrounding nominative structure and by its agreement with ὁ Θεός, while the clause supplies its specific sense.

It describes God as the one who brings upon wrath, so the participle helps identify the divine subject in the rhetorical question.

It does not by itself introduce a new subject, and it does not force a separate action apart from the question's flow.

High: The participle appears in a sensitive rhetorical question about God's justice and wrath in Romans 3:5.

Present active participle describing God in the rhetorical question. describes God as the one who brings wrath within the argument being tested. Attached to God in the phrase about bringing wrath. Governed by the rhetorical question concerning whether God is unjust. The participle supports the wording of the question; Paul's argument controls the theological conclusion.

How is God described inside the rhetorical question? The participle describes God as the one bringing wrath, while the question itself tests and rejects the charge that God is unjust.

Direct: The substantive participial phrase directly supports wording such as "who brings wrath" or "who inflicts wrath."

The participle sits inside a rhetorical question, so it must be read with Paul's argument and not as an isolated slogan. The present form does not by itself define the timing or duration of divine wrath.

Present tense proves continuous wrath in every sense: Present aspect describes the action in the question; the passage supplies the theological frame. participial phrase alone proves God is unjust: The phrase belongs to a rhetorical question whose argument rejects that conclusion.

The witness reads ὁ Θεός ὁ ἐπιφέρων τὴν ὀργήν, so the participle stands within a direct question about God's justice.

The lemma ἐπιφέρω here carries the sense of bringing upon or inflicting, which fits the object τὴν ὀργήν.

The nominative participle agrees with Θεός and functions as a descriptive title, not as a detached clause that redirects the argument.

The question asks whether God is unjust if he is the one who brings wrath, so the form supports the charge being examined.

The grammar fits Paul's rhetorical defense by linking divine justice with divine judgment in a way that can be argued and answered.

In communication, the participle compresses a fuller idea into a compact description: God as the one who brings wrath.

Do not derive that the participle changes the lemma, proves a timeless definition, or by itself settles the theology of wrath.