Συμμαρτυροῦμαι (Summarturoumai) in Revelation 22:18: Verb First Person Singular Present Middle or Passive Deponent Indicative

Verb: the form names an action or state, and here it expresses the speaker's act of bearing witness.

Present: often views the action as in progress, customary, or presently in view. Context decides the exact force.

Middle or Passive Deponent: uses a middle or passive form traditionally read with active sense. The lexeme and sentence still govern the meaning.

Indicative: presents the verbal idea as an assertion or statement in the clause.

First person: the speaker or speakers are grammatically involved in the verbal form.

Not applicable: this verb form is not using noun case to mark its sentence role.

Singular: the form is first person singular, so the speaker presents the action as his own single act of witness.

Not applicable: this verb form does not use grammatical gender to make its point.

Συμμαρτυροῦμαι γὰρ

The surrounding clause and any complement complete the verbal idea. This form functions as the main verbal assertion of the verse, introducing the speaker's solemn testimony before the warning that follows.

It functions as the main verbal assertion of the verse, introducing the speaker's solemn testimony before the warning that follows.

It does not by itself determine who else shares the witness or add details not present in the surrounding clause.

High: The first-person verb introduces the solemn witness attached to Revelation's closing warning.

First-person present indicative main assertion. states the speaker's act of bearing witness before the warning. Attached to Συμμαρτυροῦμαι γὰρ. Governed by the warning clause that follows. The deponent middle or passive form functions with active witness sense here; the warning context supplies the force.

What does the speaker do before giving the warning? The verb states that the speaker bears witness to everyone hearing the prophecy.

Direct: The first-person indicative directly supports renderings such as I testify or I bear witness.

The middle or passive deponent label should not be read as ordinary passive agency here. The present form gives the witness as presently asserted, but it does not by itself prove continuous action.

Middle or passive form proves passive agency: The deponent form is read with active witness sense in this clause; context governs agency. present tense proves continuous action: The present form presents the testimony in the statement; it should not be made to prove unbroken duration.

The witness reads Συμμαρτυροῦμαι in Revelation 22:18, and the surrounding clause makes clear that the speaker is addressing hearers of the prophecy.

The lemma συμμαρτυρέω means to testify with, so the form naturally carries the sense of bearing witness in relation to the message already given.

The present indicative fits a spoken declaration and the first person singular points to the speaker's own testimony, without needing more precision than the context provides.

The verse reads as a direct warning attached to a formal witness about the words of the book, not as a detached grammatical statement.

Within the passage, the form supports the authority of the warning by framing it as testimony tied to the prophecy itself.

In translation or explanation, the form may be rendered with a clear first person witness phrase such as I testify together with or I bear witness with.

Do not infer hidden participants, extra theological claims, or a different lexical meaning from the verb form alone.