Focused Passage

Exodus 21:28-36

Case Laws for Covenant Justice, Human Dignity, and Restitution

The chapter moves from laws regulating Hebrew servitude, to protections for female servants, to capital cases involving murder, violence against parents, kidnapping, and cursing parents, then to laws about bodily injury, slaves injured by masters, harm to pregnant women, proportional justice, injuries caused by animals, and restitution when negligence leads to harm.

Berean Standard Bible, Public Domain - Translation notes - Reference sources

28 If an ox gores a man or woman to death, the ox must surely be stoned, and its meat must not be eaten. But the owner of the ox shall not be held responsible.

29 But if the ox has a habit of goring, and its owner has been warned yet does not restrain it, and it kills a man or woman, then the ox must be stoned and its owner must also be put to death.

30 If payment is demanded of him instead, he may redeem his life by paying the full amount demanded of him.

31 If the ox gores a son or a daughter, it shall be done to him according to the same rule.

32 If the ox gores a manservant or maidservant, the owner must pay thirty shekels of silver to the master of that servant, and the ox must be stoned.

33 If a man opens or digs a pit and fails to cover it, and an ox or a donkey falls into it,

34 the owner of the pit shall make restitution; he must pay its owner, and the dead animal will be his.

35 If a man’s ox injures his neighbor’s ox and it dies, they must sell the live one and divide the proceeds; they also must divide the dead animal.

36 But if it was known that the ox had a habit of goring, yet its owner failed to restrain it, he shall pay full compensation, ox for ox, and the dead animal will be his.

Study Helps

References and Original Words

Verse 28

Original words

If וְכִֽי־ H3588 Conjunction an ox שׁ֥וֹר H7794 Noun - masculine singular - אֶת־ H853 Direct object marker gores יִגַּ֨ח H5055 Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular a man אִ֛ישׁ H376 Noun - masculine singular or א֥וֹ H176 Conjunction - אֶת־ H853 Direct object marker woman אִשָּׁ֖ה H802 Noun - feminine singular to death וָמֵ֑ת H4191 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singular the ox הַשּׁ֗וֹר H7794 Article | Noun - masculine singular must surely be stoned סָק֨וֹל H5619 Verb - Qal - Infinitive absolute . . . יִסָּקֵ֜ל H5619 Verb - Nifal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular and its meat בְּשָׂר֔וֹ H1320 Noun - masculine singular construct | third person masculine singular must not וְלֹ֤א H3808 Conjunctive waw | Adverb - Negative particle be eaten יֵאָכֵל֙ H398 Verb - Nifal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular - אֶת־ H853 Direct object marker But the owner וּבַ֥עַל H1167 Conjunctive waw | Noun - masculine singular construct of the ox הַשּׁ֖וֹר H7794 Article | Noun - masculine singular shall not be held responsible נָקִֽי׃ H5355 Adjective - masculine singular

BSB notes

  • Or a bull; also in verses 29–36
Verse 29

Original words

But if וְאִ֡ם H518 Conjunction the ox שׁוֹר֩ H7794 Noun - masculine singular has a habit מִתְּמֹ֣ל H8543 Preposition-m | Adverb . . . שִׁלְשֹׁ֗ם H8032 Adverb of goring נַגָּ֨ח H5056 Adjective - masculine singular . . . ה֜וּא H1931 Pronoun - third person masculine singular and its owner בִּבְעָלָיו֙ H1167 Preposition-b | Noun - masculine plural construct | third person masculine singular has been warned וְהוּעַ֤ד H5749 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Hofal - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singular yet does not וְלֹ֣א H3808 Conjunctive waw | Adverb - Negative particle restrain it יִשְׁמְרֶ֔נּוּ H8104 Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular | third person masculine singular and it kills וְהֵמִ֥ית H4191 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Hifil - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singular a man אִ֖ישׁ H376 Noun - masculine singular or א֣וֹ H176 Conjunction woman אִשָּׁ֑ה H802 Noun - feminine singular then the ox הַשּׁוֹר֙ H7794 Article | Noun - masculine singular must be stoned יִסָּקֵ֔ל H5619 Verb - Nifal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular and its owner בְּעָלָ֖יו H1167 Noun - masculine plural construct | third person masculine singular must also וְגַם־ H1571 Conjunction be put to death יוּמָֽת׃ H4191 Verb - Hofal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular
Verse 30

Original words

If אִם־ H518 Conjunction payment כֹּ֖פֶר H3724 Noun - masculine singular is demanded יוּשַׁ֣ת H7896 Verb - QalPass - Imperfect - third person masculine singular of him {instead} עָלָ֑יו H5921 Preposition | third person masculine singular he may redeem פִּדְיֹ֣ן H6306 Noun - masculine singular construct his life נַפְשׁ֔וֹ H5315 Noun - feminine singular construct | third person masculine singular by paying וְנָתַן֙ H5414 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singular the full כְּכֹ֥ל H3605 Preposition-k | Noun - masculine singular - אֲשֶׁר־ H834 Pronoun - relative amount demanded יוּשַׁ֖ת H7896 Verb - QalPass - Imperfect - third person masculine singular of him עָלָֽיו׃ H5921 Preposition | third person masculine singular
Verse 31

Original words

If אוֹ־ H176 Conjunction [the ox] gores יִגָּ֖ח H5055 Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular a son בֵ֥ן H1121 Noun - masculine singular or אוֹ־ H176 Conjunction a daughter בַ֣ת H1323 Noun - feminine singular . . . יִגָּ֑ח H5055 Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular it shall be done יֵעָ֥שֶׂה H6213 Verb - Nifal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular to him לּֽוֹ׃ Preposition | third person masculine singular according to the same הַזֶּ֖ה H2088 Article | Pronoun - masculine singular rule כַּמִּשְׁפָּ֥ט H4941 Preposition-k, Article | Noun - masculine singular
Verse 32

Original words

If אִם־ H518 Conjunction the ox הַשּׁ֖וֹר H7794 Article | Noun - masculine singular gores יִגַּ֥ח H5055 Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular a manservant עֶ֛בֶד H5650 Noun - masculine singular or א֣וֹ H176 Conjunction maidservant אָמָ֑ה H519 Noun - feminine singular [the owner] must pay יִתֵּן֙ H5414 Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular thirty שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים H7970 Number - common plural shekels שְׁקָלִ֗ים H8255 Noun - masculine plural of silver כֶּ֣סֶף׀ H3701 Noun - masculine singular to the master of that servant לַֽאדֹנָ֔יו H113 Preposition-l | Noun - masculine plural construct | third person masculine singular and the ox וְהַשּׁ֖וֹר H7794 Conjunctive waw, Article | Noun - masculine singular must be stoned יִסָּקֵֽל׃ס H5619 Verb - Nifal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular

BSB notes

  • 30 shekels is approximately 12 ounces or 342 grams of silver.
Verse 33

Original words

If וְכִֽי־ H3588 Conjunction a man אִ֜ישׁ H376 Noun - masculine singular opens יִפְתַּ֨ח H6605 Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular - בּ֗וֹר H953 Noun - masculine singular or א֠וֹ H176 Conjunction . . . כִּֽי־ H3588 Conjunction digs יִכְרֶ֥ה H3738 Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular . . . אִ֛ישׁ H376 Noun - masculine singular a pit בֹּ֖ר H953 Noun - masculine singular and fails וְלֹ֣א H3808 Conjunctive waw | Adverb - Negative particle to cover it יְכַסֶּ֑נּוּ H3680 Verb - Piel - Imperfect - third person masculine singular | third person masculine singular and an ox שּׁ֖וֹר H7794 Noun - masculine singular or א֥וֹ H176 Conjunction a donkey חֲמֽוֹר׃ H2543 Noun - masculine singular falls וְנָֽפַל־ H5307 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singular into it שָׁ֥מָּה H8033 Adverb | third person feminine singular
Verse 34

Original words

the owner בַּ֤עַל H1167 Noun - masculine singular construct of the pit הַבּוֹר֙ H953 Article | Noun - masculine singular shall make restitution יְשַׁלֵּ֔ם H7999 Verb - Piel - Imperfect - third person masculine singular he must pay יָשִׁ֣יב H7725 Verb - Hifil - Imperfect - third person masculine singular . . . כֶּ֖סֶף H3701 Noun - masculine singular its owner לִבְעָלָ֑יו H1167 Preposition-l | Noun - masculine plural construct | third person masculine singular and the dead [animal] וְהַמֵּ֖ת H4191 Conjunctive waw, Article | Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine singular will be יִֽהְיֶה־ H1961 Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular his לּֽוֹ׃ס Preposition | third person masculine singular
Verse 35

Original words

If וְכִֽי־ H3588 Conjunction a man’s אִ֛ישׁ H376 Noun - masculine singular - אֶת־ H853 Direct object marker ox שֽׁוֹר־ H7794 Noun - masculine singular construct injures יִגֹּ֧ף H5062 Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular his neighbor’s רֵעֵ֖הוּ H7453 Noun - masculine singular construct | third person masculine singular ox שׁ֥וֹר H7794 Noun - masculine singular construct and it dies וָמֵ֑ת H4191 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singular they must sell וּמָ֨כְר֜וּ H4376 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person common plural - אֶת־ H853 Direct object marker the live הַחַי֙ H2416 Article | Adjective - masculine singular [one] הַשּׁ֤וֹר H7794 Article | Noun - masculine singular and divide וְחָצ֣וּ H2673 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person common plural - אֶת־ H853 Direct object marker the proceeds כַּסְפּ֔וֹ H3701 Noun - masculine singular construct | third person masculine singular they also must וְגַ֥ם H1571 Conjunction - אֶת־ H853 Direct object marker divide יֶֽחֱצֽוּן׃ H2673 Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine plural | Paragogic nun the dead animal הַמֵּ֖ת H4191 Article | Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine singular
Verse 36

Original words

But if א֣וֹ H176 Conjunction it was known נוֹדַ֗ע H3045 Verb - Nifal - Perfect - third person masculine singular that כִּ֠י H3588 Conjunction the ox שׁ֣וֹר H7794 Noun - masculine singular had a habit מִתְּמ֣וֹל H8543 Preposition-m | Adverb . . . שִׁלְשֹׁ֔ם H8032 Adverb of goring נַגָּ֥ח H5056 Adjective - masculine singular . . . הוּא֙ H1931 Pronoun - third person masculine singular yet its owner בְּעָלָ֑יו H1167 Noun - masculine plural construct | third person masculine singular failed וְלֹ֥א H3808 Conjunctive waw | Adverb - Negative particle to restrain it יִשְׁמְרֶ֖נּוּ H8104 Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular | third person masculine singular he shall pay full compensation שַׁלֵּ֨ם H7999 Verb - Piel - Infinitive absolute . . . יְשַׁלֵּ֥ם H7999 Verb - Piel - Imperfect - third person masculine singular ox שׁוֹר֙ H7794 Noun - masculine singular for תַּ֣חַת H8478 Preposition ox הַשּׁ֔וֹר H7794 Article | Noun - masculine singular and the dead [animal] וְהַמֵּ֖ת H4191 Conjunctive waw, Article | Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine singular will be יִֽהְיֶה־ H1961 Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular his לּֽוֹ׃ס Preposition | third person masculine singular

Berean Standard Bible (BSB): CC0 Public Domain Scripture text. Focused passages are drawn from the same reader contract as the full chapter. Reference sources explains external study-link sources.