Focused Passage

Romans 16:1-16

Gospel Partnership, Holy Greeting, False-Teacher Warning, and Doxology to the God Who Establishes

Paul moves from commending Phoebe, to greeting many believers and house-church networks, to commanding holy mutual greeting, to warning against divisive deceivers, to promising Satan's crushing by the God of peace, to relaying greetings from his companions, and finally to doxology celebrating God's power to establish believers through the gospel of Jesus Christ now revealed for the obedience of the Gentiles.

Berean Standard Bible, Public Domain - Translation notes - Reference sources

1 I commend to you our sister Phoebe, a servant of the church in Cenchrea.

2 Welcome her in the Lord in a manner worthy of the saints, and assist her with anything she may need from you. For she has been a great help to many people, including me.

3 Greet Prisca and Aquila, my fellow workers in Christ Jesus,

4 who have risked their lives for me. Not only I but all the churches of the Gentiles are grateful to them.

5 Greet also the church that meets at their house. Greet my beloved Epenetus, who was the first convert to Christ in the province of Asia.

6 Greet Mary, who has worked very hard for you.

7 Greet Andronicus and Junia, my fellow countrymen and fellow prisoners. They are outstanding among the apostles, and they were in Christ before I was.

8 Greet Ampliatus, my beloved in the Lord.

9 Greet Urbanus, our fellow worker in Christ, and my beloved Stachys.

10 Greet Apelles, who is approved in Christ. Greet those who belong to the household of Aristobulus.

11 Greet Herodion, my fellow countryman. Greet those from the household of Narcissus who are in the Lord.

12 Greet Tryphena and Tryphosa, women who have worked hard in the Lord. Greet my beloved Persis, who has worked very hard in the Lord.

13 Greet Rufus, chosen in the Lord, and his mother, who has been a mother to me as well.

14 Greet Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermes, Patrobas, Hermas, and the brothers with them.

15 Greet Philologus and Julia, Nereus and his sister, and Olympas and all the saints with them.

16 Greet one another with a holy kiss. All the churches of Christ send you greetings.

Study Helps

References and Original Words

Verse 1

Original words

- δὲ G1161 Conjunction I commend Συνίστημι G4921 Verb - Present Indicative Active - 1st Person Singular to you ὑμῖν G4771 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Dative 2nd Person Plural our ἡμῶν G1473 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Plural - τὴν G3588 Article - Accusative Feminine Singular sister ἀδελφὴν G79 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular Phoebe Φοίβην G5402 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular - οὖσαν G1510 Verb - Present Participle Active - Accusative Feminine Singular - καὶ G2532 Conjunction a servant διάκονον G1249 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular of the τῆς G3588 Article - Genitive Feminine Singular church ἐκκλησίας G1577 Noun - Genitive Feminine Singular in ἐν G1722 Preposition - τῆς G3588 Article - Genitive Feminine Singular Cenchrea Κενχρεαῖς G2747 Noun - Dative Feminine Plural

BSB notes

  • Or deaconess
Verse 2

Original words

- ἵνα G2443 Conjunction Welcome προσδέξησθε G4327 Verb - Aorist Subjunctive Middle - 2nd Person Plural her αὐτὴν G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Accusative Feminine 3rd Person Singular in ἐν G1722 Preposition [the] Lord Κυρίῳ G2962 Noun - Dative Masculine Singular in a manner worthy ἀξίως G516 Adverb - τῶν G3588 Article - Genitive Masculine Plural of [the] saints ἁγίων G40 Adjective - Genitive Masculine Plural and καὶ G2532 Conjunction assist παραστῆτε G3936 Verb - Aorist Subjunctive Active - 2nd Person Plural her αὐτῇ G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Dative Feminine 3rd Person Singular with ἐν G1722 Preposition anything G3739 Personal / Relative Pronoun - Dative Neuter Singular . . . ἂν G302 Particle . . . πράγματι G4229 Noun - Dative Neuter Singular she may need χρῄζῃ G5535 Verb - Present Subjunctive Active - 3rd Person Singular from you ὑμῶν G4771 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 2nd Person Plural For γὰρ G1063 Conjunction she αὐτὴ G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Nominative Feminine 3rd Person Singular - καὶ G2532 Conjunction has been ἐγενήθη G1096 Verb - Aorist Indicative Passive - 3rd Person Singular a great help προστάτις G4368 Noun - Nominative Feminine Singular to many [people] πολλῶν G4183 Adjective - Genitive Masculine Plural including καὶ G2532 Conjunction me ἐμοῦ G1473 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singular . . . αὐτοῦ G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive Masculine 3rd Person Singular
Verse 3

Original words

Greet Ἀσπάσασθε G782 Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person Plural Prisca Πρίσκαν G4251 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular and καὶ G2532 Conjunction Aquila Ἀκύλαν G207 Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular my μου G1473 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singular - τοὺς G3588 Article - Accusative Masculine Plural fellow workers συνεργούς G4904 Adjective - Accusative Masculine Plural in ἐν G1722 Preposition Christ Χριστῷ G5547 Noun - Dative Masculine Singular Jesus Ἰησοῦ G2424 Noun - Dative Masculine Singular

BSB notes

  • Prisca is a variant of Priscilla; see Acts 18:2.
Verse 4

Original words

who οἵτινες G3748 Personal / Relative Pronoun - Nominative Masculine Plural have risked ὑπέθηκαν G5294 Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Plural their ἑαυτῶν G1438 Reflexive Pronoun - Genitive Masculine 3rd Person Plural - τὸν G3588 Article - Accusative Masculine Singular [lives] τράχηλον G5137 Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular for ὑπὲρ G5228 Preposition me μου G1473 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singular . . . τῆς G3588 Article - Genitive Feminine Singular . . . ψυχῆς G5590 Noun - Genitive Feminine Singular - οἷς G3739 Personal / Relative Pronoun - Dative Masculine Plural Not οὐκ G3756 Adverb only μόνος G3441 Adjective - Nominative Masculine Singular I ἐγὼ G1473 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Nominative 1st Person Singular but ἀλλὰ G235 Conjunction - καὶ G2532 Conjunction all πᾶσαι G3956 Adjective - Nominative Feminine Plural the αἱ G3588 Article - Nominative Feminine Plural churches ἐκκλησίαι G1577 Noun - Nominative Feminine Plural of the τῶν G3588 Article - Genitive Neuter Plural Gentiles ἐθνῶν G1484 Noun - Genitive Neuter Plural are grateful [to them] εὐχαριστῶ G2168 Verb - Present Indicative Active - 1st Person Singular
Verse 5

Original words

[Greet also] καὶ G2532 Conjunction the τὴν G3588 Article - Accusative Feminine Singular church ἐκκλησίαν G1577 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular [that meets] at κατ’ G2596 Preposition their αὐτῶν G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive Masculine 3rd Person Plural house οἶκον G3624 Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular Greet Ἀσπάσασθε G782 Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person Plural my μου G1473 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singular - τὸν G3588 Article - Accusative Masculine Singular beloved ἀγαπητόν G27 Adjective - Accusative Masculine Singular Epenetus Ἐπαίνετον G1866 Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular who ὅς G3739 Personal / Relative Pronoun - Nominative Masculine Singular was ἐστιν G1510 Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular the first [convert] ἀπαρχὴ G536 Noun - Nominative Feminine Singular to εἰς G1519 Preposition Christ Χριστόν G5547 Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular - τῆς G3588 Article - Genitive Feminine Singular in [the province of] Asia Ἀσίας G773 Noun - Genitive Feminine Singular

BSB notes

  • Literally in Asia; Asia was a Roman province in what is now western Turkey.
Verse 6

Original words

Greet Ἀσπάσασθε G782 Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person Plural Mary Μαριάν G3137 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular who ἥτις G3748 Personal / Relative Pronoun - Nominative Feminine Singular has worked ἐκοπίασεν G2872 Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular very hard πολλὰ G4183 Adjective - Accusative Neuter Plural for εἰς G1519 Preposition you ὑμᾶς G4771 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Accusative 2nd Person Plural
Verse 7

Original words

Greet Ἀσπάσασθε G782 Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person Plural Andronicus Ἀνδρόνικον G408 Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular and καὶ G2532 Conjunction Junia Ἰουνίαν G2458 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular my μου G1473 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singular - τοὺς G3588 Article - Accusative Masculine Plural fellow countrymen συγγενεῖς G4773 Adjective - Accusative Masculine Plural and καὶ G2532 Conjunction - μου G1473 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singular fellow prisoners συναιχμαλώτους G4869 Noun - Accusative Masculine Plural [They] οἵτινές G3748 Personal / Relative Pronoun - Nominative Masculine Plural are εἰσιν G1510 Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person Plural outstanding ἐπίσημοι G1978 Adjective - Nominative Masculine Plural among ἐν G1722 Preposition the τοῖς G3588 Article - Dative Masculine Plural apostles ἀποστόλοις G652 Noun - Dative Masculine Plural and καὶ G2532 Conjunction [they] οἳ G3739 Personal / Relative Pronoun - Nominative Masculine Plural were γέγοναν G1096 Verb - Perfect Indicative Active - 3rd Person Plural in ἐν G1722 Preposition Christ Χριστῷ G5547 Noun - Dative Masculine Singular before πρὸ G4253 Preposition I [was] ἐμοῦ G1473 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singular

BSB notes

  • Some translators Junias
Verse 8

Original words

Greet Ἀσπάσασθε G782 Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person Plural Ampliatus Ἀμπλιᾶτον G291 Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular my μου G1473 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singular - τὸν G3588 Article - Accusative Masculine Singular beloved ἀγαπητόν G27 Adjective - Accusative Masculine Singular in ἐν G1722 Preposition [the] Lord Κυρίῳ G2962 Noun - Dative Masculine Singular
Verse 9

Original words

Greet Ἀσπάσασθε G782 Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person Plural Urbanus Οὐρβανὸν G3773 Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular our ἡμῶν G1473 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Plural - τὸν G3588 Article - Accusative Masculine Singular fellow worker συνεργὸν G4904 Adjective - Accusative Masculine Singular in ἐν G1722 Preposition Christ Χριστῷ G5547 Noun - Dative Masculine Singular and καὶ G2532 Conjunction my μου G1473 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singular - τὸν G3588 Article - Accusative Masculine Singular beloved ἀγαπητόν G27 Adjective - Accusative Masculine Singular Stachys Στάχυν G4720 Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular
Verse 10

Original words

Greet Ἀσπάσασθε G782 Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person Plural Apelles Ἀπελλῆν G559 Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular who [is] τὸν G3588 Article - Accusative Masculine Singular approved δόκιμον G1384 Adjective - Accusative Masculine Singular in ἐν G1722 Preposition Christ Χριστῷ G5547 Noun - Dative Masculine Singular Greet Ἀσπάσασθε G782 Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person Plural those who τοὺς G3588 Article - Accusative Masculine Plural belong to ἐκ G1537 Preposition the [household] τῶν G3588 Article - Genitive Masculine Plural of Aristobulus Ἀριστοβούλου G711 Noun - Genitive Masculine Singular
Verse 11

Original words

Greet Ἀσπάσασθε G782 Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person Plural Herodion Ἡρῳδίωνα G2267 Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular my μου G1473 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singular - τὸν G3588 Article - Accusative Masculine Singular fellow countryman συγγενῆ G4773 Adjective - Accusative Masculine Singular Greet Ἀσπάσασθε G782 Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person Plural those τοὺς G3588 Article - Accusative Masculine Plural from ἐκ G1537 Preposition the [household] τῶν G3588 Article - Genitive Masculine Plural of Narcissus Ναρκίσσου G3488 Noun - Genitive Masculine Singular who τοὺς G3588 Article - Accusative Masculine Plural are ὄντας G1510 Verb - Present Participle Active - Accusative Masculine Plural in ἐν G1722 Preposition [the] Lord Κυρίῳ G2962 Noun - Dative Masculine Singular
Verse 12

Original words

Greet Ἀσπάσασθε G782 Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person Plural Tryphena Τρύφαιναν G5170 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular and καὶ G2532 Conjunction Tryphosa Τρυφῶσαν G5173 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular [ women ] who τὰς G3588 Article - Accusative Feminine Plural have worked hard κοπιώσας G2872 Verb - Present Participle Active - Accusative Feminine Plural in ἐν G1722 Preposition [the] Lord Κυρίῳ G2962 Noun - Dative Masculine Singular Greet Ἀσπάσασθε G782 Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person Plural [my] τὴν G3588 Article - Accusative Feminine Singular beloved ἀγαπητήν G27 Adjective - Accusative Feminine Singular Persis Περσίδα G4069 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular who ἥτις G3748 Personal / Relative Pronoun - Nominative Feminine Singular has worked ἐκοπίασεν G2872 Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular very hard πολλὰ G4183 Adjective - Accusative Neuter Plural in ἐν G1722 Preposition [the] Lord Κυρίῳ G2962 Noun - Dative Masculine Singular
Verse 13

Original words

Greet Ἀσπάσασθε G782 Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person Plural Rufus Ῥοῦφον G4504 Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular - τὸν G3588 Article - Accusative Masculine Singular chosen ἐκλεκτὸν G1588 Adjective - Accusative Masculine Singular in ἐν G1722 Preposition [the] Lord Κυρίῳ G2962 Noun - Dative Masculine Singular and καὶ G2532 Conjunction his αὐτοῦ G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive Masculine 3rd Person Singular - τὴν G3588 Article - Accusative Feminine Singular mother μητέρα G3384 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular [who has been a mother] to me ἐμοῦ G1473 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singular as well καὶ G2532 Conjunction
Verse 14

Original words

Greet Ἀσπάσασθε G782 Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person Plural Asyncritus Ἀσύνκριτον G799 Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular Phlegon Φλέγοντα G5393 Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular Hermes Ἑρμῆν G2060 Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular Patrobas Πατρόβαν G3969 Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular Hermas Ἑρμᾶν G2057 Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular and καὶ G2532 Conjunction the τοὺς G3588 Article - Accusative Masculine Plural brothers ἀδελφούς G80 Noun - Accusative Masculine Plural with σὺν G4862 Preposition them αὐτοῖς G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Dative Masculine 3rd Person Plural
Verse 15

Original words

Greet Ἀσπάσασθε G782 Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person Plural Philologus Φιλόλογον G5378 Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular and καὶ G2532 Conjunction Julia Ἰουλίαν G2456 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular Nereus Νηρέα G3517 Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular and καὶ G2532 Conjunction his αὐτοῦ G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive Masculine 3rd Person Singular - τὴν G3588 Article - Accusative Feminine Singular sister ἀδελφὴν G79 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular and καὶ G2532 Conjunction Olympas Ὀλυμπᾶν G3652 Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular and καὶ G2532 Conjunction all πάντας G3956 Adjective - Accusative Masculine Plural the τοὺς G3588 Article - Accusative Masculine Plural saints ἁγίους G40 Adjective - Accusative Masculine Plural with σὺν G4862 Preposition them αὐτοῖς G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Dative Masculine 3rd Person Plural
Verse 16

Original words

Greet Ἀσπάσασθε G782 Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person Plural one another ἀλλήλους G240 Personal / Reciprocal Pronoun - Accusative Masculine Plural with ἐν G1722 Preposition a holy ἁγίῳ G40 Adjective - Dative Neuter Singular kiss φιλήματι G5370 Noun - Dative Neuter Singular All πᾶσαι G3956 Adjective - Nominative Feminine Plural the αἱ G3588 Article - Nominative Feminine Plural churches ἐκκλησίαι G1577 Noun - Nominative Feminine Plural - τοῦ G3588 Article - Genitive Masculine Singular of Christ Χριστοῦ G5547 Noun - Genitive Masculine Singular send you greetings Ἀσπάζονται G782 Verb - Present Indicative Middle or Passive - 3rd Person Plural . . . ὑμᾶς G4771 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Accusative 2nd Person Plural

Berean Standard Bible (BSB): CC0 Public Domain Scripture text. Focused passages are drawn from the same reader contract as the full chapter. Reference sources explains external study-link sources.