Focused Passage

Romans 16:1-16

Gospel Partnership, Holy Greeting, False-Teacher Warning, and Doxology to the God Who Establishes

Paul moves from commending Phoebe, to greeting many believers and house-church networks, to commanding holy mutual greeting, to warning against divisive deceivers, to promising Satan's crushing by the God of peace, to relaying greetings from his companions, and finally to doxology celebrating God's power to establish believers through the gospel of Jesus Christ now revealed for the obedience of the Gentiles.

Berean Standard Bible, Public Domain - Translation notes - Reference sources

1I commend to you our sister Phoebe, a servant of the church in Cenchrea.

2Welcome her in the Lord in a manner worthy of the saints, and assist her with anything she may need from you. For she has been a great help to many people, including me.

3Greet Prisca and Aquila, my fellow workers in Christ Jesus,

4who have risked their lives for me. Not only I but all the churches of the Gentiles are grateful to them.

5Greet also the church that meets at their house. Greet my beloved Epenetus, who was the first convert to Christ in the province of Asia.

6Greet Mary, who has worked very hard for you.

7Greet Andronicus and Junia, my fellow countrymen and fellow prisoners. They are outstanding among the apostles, and they were in Christ before I was.

8Greet Ampliatus, my beloved in the Lord.

9Greet Urbanus, our fellow worker in Christ, and my beloved Stachys.

10Greet Apelles, who is approved in Christ. Greet those who belong to the household of Aristobulus.

11Greet Herodion, my fellow countryman. Greet those from the household of Narcissus who are in the Lord.

12Greet Tryphena and Tryphosa, women who have worked hard in the Lord. Greet my beloved Persis, who has worked very hard in the Lord.

13Greet Rufus, chosen in the Lord, and his mother, who has been a mother to me as well.

14Greet Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermes, Patrobas, Hermas, and the brothers with them.

15Greet Philologus and Julia, Nereus and his sister, and Olympas and all the saints with them.

16Greet one another with a holy kiss. All the churches of Christ send you greetings.

Study Helps

References and Original Words

Verse 1

Original words

-δὲG1161ConjunctionI commendΣυνίστημιG4921Verb - Present Indicative Active - 1st Person Singularto youὑμῖνG4771Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Dative 2nd Person PluralourἡμῶνG1473Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Plural-τὴνG3588Article - Accusative Feminine SingularsisterἀδελφὴνG79Noun - Accusative Feminine SingularPhoebeΦοίβηνG5402Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular-οὖσανG1510Verb - Present Participle Active - Accusative Feminine Singular-καὶG2532Conjunctiona servantδιάκονονG1249Noun - Accusative Feminine Singularof theτῆςG3588Article - Genitive Feminine SingularchurchἐκκλησίαςG1577Noun - Genitive Feminine SingularinἐνG1722Preposition-τῆςG3588Article - Genitive Feminine SingularCenchreaΚενχρεαῖςG2747Noun - Dative Feminine Plural

BSB notes

  • Or deaconess
Verse 2

Original words

-ἵναG2443ConjunctionWelcomeπροσδέξησθεG4327Verb - Aorist Subjunctive Middle - 2nd Person PluralherαὐτὴνG846Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Accusative Feminine 3rd Person SingularinἐνG1722Preposition[the] LordΚυρίῳG2962Noun - Dative Masculine Singularin a manner worthyἀξίωςG516Adverb-τῶνG3588Article - Genitive Masculine Pluralof [the] saintsἁγίωνG40Adjective - Genitive Masculine PluralandκαὶG2532ConjunctionassistπαραστῆτεG3936Verb - Aorist Subjunctive Active - 2nd Person PluralherαὐτῇG846Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Dative Feminine 3rd Person SingularwithἐνG1722PrepositionanythingG3739Personal / Relative Pronoun - Dative Neuter Singular. . .ἂνG302Particle. . .πράγματιG4229Noun - Dative Neuter Singularshe may needχρῄζῃG5535Verb - Present Subjunctive Active - 3rd Person Singularfrom youὑμῶνG4771Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 2nd Person PluralForγὰρG1063ConjunctionsheαὐτὴG846Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Nominative Feminine 3rd Person Singular-καὶG2532Conjunctionhas beenἐγενήθηG1096Verb - Aorist Indicative Passive - 3rd Person Singulara great helpπροστάτιςG4368Noun - Nominative Feminine Singularto many [people]πολλῶνG4183Adjective - Genitive Masculine PluralincludingκαὶG2532ConjunctionmeἐμοῦG1473Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singular. . .αὐτοῦG846Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive Masculine 3rd Person Singular
Verse 3

Original words

GreetἈσπάσασθεG782Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person PluralPriscaΠρίσκανG4251Noun - Accusative Feminine SingularandκαὶG2532ConjunctionAquilaἈκύλανG207Noun - Accusative Masculine SingularmyμουG1473Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singular-τοὺςG3588Article - Accusative Masculine Pluralfellow workersσυνεργούςG4904Adjective - Accusative Masculine PluralinἐνG1722PrepositionChristΧριστῷG5547Noun - Dative Masculine SingularJesusἸησοῦG2424Noun - Dative Masculine Singular

BSB notes

  • Prisca is a variant of Priscilla; see Acts 18:2.
Verse 4

Original words

whoοἵτινεςG3748Personal / Relative Pronoun - Nominative Masculine Pluralhave riskedὑπέθηκανG5294Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person PluraltheirἑαυτῶνG1438Reflexive Pronoun - Genitive Masculine 3rd Person Plural-τὸνG3588Article - Accusative Masculine Singular[lives]τράχηλονG5137Noun - Accusative Masculine SingularforὑπὲρG5228PrepositionmeμουG1473Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singular. . .τῆςG3588Article - Genitive Feminine Singular. . .ψυχῆςG5590Noun - Genitive Feminine Singular-οἷςG3739Personal / Relative Pronoun - Dative Masculine PluralNotοὐκG3756AdverbonlyμόνοςG3441Adjective - Nominative Masculine SingularIἐγὼG1473Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Nominative 1st Person SingularbutἀλλὰG235Conjunction-καὶG2532ConjunctionallπᾶσαιG3956Adjective - Nominative Feminine PluraltheαἱG3588Article - Nominative Feminine PluralchurchesἐκκλησίαιG1577Noun - Nominative Feminine Pluralof theτῶνG3588Article - Genitive Neuter PluralGentilesἐθνῶνG1484Noun - Genitive Neuter Pluralare grateful [to them]εὐχαριστῶG2168Verb - Present Indicative Active - 1st Person Singular
Verse 5

Original words

[Greet also]καὶG2532ConjunctiontheτὴνG3588Article - Accusative Feminine SingularchurchἐκκλησίανG1577Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular[that meets] atκατ’G2596PrepositiontheirαὐτῶνG846Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive Masculine 3rd Person PluralhouseοἶκονG3624Noun - Accusative Masculine SingularGreetἈσπάσασθεG782Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person PluralmyμουG1473Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singular-τὸνG3588Article - Accusative Masculine SingularbelovedἀγαπητόνG27Adjective - Accusative Masculine SingularEpenetusἘπαίνετονG1866Noun - Accusative Masculine SingularwhoὅςG3739Personal / Relative Pronoun - Nominative Masculine SingularwasἐστινG1510Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singularthe first [convert]ἀπαρχὴG536Noun - Nominative Feminine SingulartoεἰςG1519PrepositionChristΧριστόνG5547Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular-τῆςG3588Article - Genitive Feminine Singularin [the province of] AsiaἈσίαςG773Noun - Genitive Feminine Singular

BSB notes

  • Literally in Asia; Asia was a Roman province in what is now western Turkey.
Verse 6

Original words

GreetἈσπάσασθεG782Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person PluralMaryΜαριάνG3137Noun - Accusative Feminine SingularwhoἥτιςG3748Personal / Relative Pronoun - Nominative Feminine Singularhas workedἐκοπίασενG2872Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singularvery hardπολλὰG4183Adjective - Accusative Neuter PluralforεἰςG1519PrepositionyouὑμᾶςG4771Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Accusative 2nd Person Plural
Verse 7

Original words

GreetἈσπάσασθεG782Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person PluralAndronicusἈνδρόνικονG408Noun - Accusative Masculine SingularandκαὶG2532ConjunctionJuniaἸουνίανG2458Noun - Accusative Feminine SingularmyμουG1473Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singular-τοὺςG3588Article - Accusative Masculine Pluralfellow countrymenσυγγενεῖςG4773Adjective - Accusative Masculine PluralandκαὶG2532Conjunction-μουG1473Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singularfellow prisonersσυναιχμαλώτουςG4869Noun - Accusative Masculine Plural[They]οἵτινέςG3748Personal / Relative Pronoun - Nominative Masculine PluralareεἰσινG1510Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person PluraloutstandingἐπίσημοιG1978Adjective - Nominative Masculine PluralamongἐνG1722PrepositiontheτοῖςG3588Article - Dative Masculine PluralapostlesἀποστόλοιςG652Noun - Dative Masculine PluralandκαὶG2532Conjunction[they]οἳG3739Personal / Relative Pronoun - Nominative Masculine PluralwereγέγονανG1096Verb - Perfect Indicative Active - 3rd Person PluralinἐνG1722PrepositionChristΧριστῷG5547Noun - Dative Masculine SingularbeforeπρὸG4253PrepositionI [was]ἐμοῦG1473Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singular

BSB notes

  • Some translators Junias
Verse 8

Original words

GreetἈσπάσασθεG782Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person PluralAmpliatusἈμπλιᾶτονG291Noun - Accusative Masculine SingularmyμουG1473Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singular-τὸνG3588Article - Accusative Masculine SingularbelovedἀγαπητόνG27Adjective - Accusative Masculine SingularinἐνG1722Preposition[the] LordΚυρίῳG2962Noun - Dative Masculine Singular
Verse 9

Original words

GreetἈσπάσασθεG782Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person PluralUrbanusΟὐρβανὸνG3773Noun - Accusative Masculine SingularourἡμῶνG1473Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Plural-τὸνG3588Article - Accusative Masculine Singularfellow workerσυνεργὸνG4904Adjective - Accusative Masculine SingularinἐνG1722PrepositionChristΧριστῷG5547Noun - Dative Masculine SingularandκαὶG2532ConjunctionmyμουG1473Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singular-τὸνG3588Article - Accusative Masculine SingularbelovedἀγαπητόνG27Adjective - Accusative Masculine SingularStachysΣτάχυνG4720Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular
Verse 10

Original words

GreetἈσπάσασθεG782Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person PluralApellesἈπελλῆνG559Noun - Accusative Masculine Singularwho [is]τὸνG3588Article - Accusative Masculine SingularapprovedδόκιμονG1384Adjective - Accusative Masculine SingularinἐνG1722PrepositionChristΧριστῷG5547Noun - Dative Masculine SingularGreetἈσπάσασθεG782Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person Pluralthose whoτοὺςG3588Article - Accusative Masculine Pluralbelong toἐκG1537Prepositionthe [household]τῶνG3588Article - Genitive Masculine Pluralof AristobulusἈριστοβούλουG711Noun - Genitive Masculine Singular
Verse 11

Original words

GreetἈσπάσασθεG782Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person PluralHerodionἩρῳδίωναG2267Noun - Accusative Masculine SingularmyμουG1473Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singular-τὸνG3588Article - Accusative Masculine Singularfellow countrymanσυγγενῆG4773Adjective - Accusative Masculine SingularGreetἈσπάσασθεG782Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person PluralthoseτοὺςG3588Article - Accusative Masculine PluralfromἐκG1537Prepositionthe [household]τῶνG3588Article - Genitive Masculine Pluralof NarcissusΝαρκίσσουG3488Noun - Genitive Masculine SingularwhoτοὺςG3588Article - Accusative Masculine PluralareὄνταςG1510Verb - Present Participle Active - Accusative Masculine PluralinἐνG1722Preposition[the] LordΚυρίῳG2962Noun - Dative Masculine Singular
Verse 12

Original words

GreetἈσπάσασθεG782Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person PluralTryphenaΤρύφαινανG5170Noun - Accusative Feminine SingularandκαὶG2532ConjunctionTryphosaΤρυφῶσανG5173Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular[ women ] whoτὰςG3588Article - Accusative Feminine Pluralhave worked hardκοπιώσαςG2872Verb - Present Participle Active - Accusative Feminine PluralinἐνG1722Preposition[the] LordΚυρίῳG2962Noun - Dative Masculine SingularGreetἈσπάσασθεG782Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person Plural[my]τὴνG3588Article - Accusative Feminine SingularbelovedἀγαπητήνG27Adjective - Accusative Feminine SingularPersisΠερσίδαG4069Noun - Accusative Feminine SingularwhoἥτιςG3748Personal / Relative Pronoun - Nominative Feminine Singularhas workedἐκοπίασενG2872Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singularvery hardπολλὰG4183Adjective - Accusative Neuter PluralinἐνG1722Preposition[the] LordΚυρίῳG2962Noun - Dative Masculine Singular
Verse 13

Original words

GreetἈσπάσασθεG782Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person PluralRufusῬοῦφονG4504Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular-τὸνG3588Article - Accusative Masculine SingularchosenἐκλεκτὸνG1588Adjective - Accusative Masculine SingularinἐνG1722Preposition[the] LordΚυρίῳG2962Noun - Dative Masculine SingularandκαὶG2532ConjunctionhisαὐτοῦG846Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive Masculine 3rd Person Singular-τὴνG3588Article - Accusative Feminine SingularmotherμητέραG3384Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular[who has been a mother] to meἐμοῦG1473Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singularas wellκαὶG2532Conjunction
Verse 14

Original words

GreetἈσπάσασθεG782Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person PluralAsyncritusἈσύνκριτονG799Noun - Accusative Masculine SingularPhlegonΦλέγονταG5393Noun - Accusative Masculine SingularHermesἙρμῆνG2060Noun - Accusative Masculine SingularPatrobasΠατρόβανG3969Noun - Accusative Masculine SingularHermasἙρμᾶνG2057Noun - Accusative Masculine SingularandκαὶG2532ConjunctiontheτοὺςG3588Article - Accusative Masculine PluralbrothersἀδελφούςG80Noun - Accusative Masculine PluralwithσὺνG4862PrepositionthemαὐτοῖςG846Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Dative Masculine 3rd Person Plural
Verse 15

Original words

GreetἈσπάσασθεG782Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person PluralPhilologusΦιλόλογονG5378Noun - Accusative Masculine SingularandκαὶG2532ConjunctionJuliaἸουλίανG2456Noun - Accusative Feminine SingularNereusΝηρέαG3517Noun - Accusative Masculine SingularandκαὶG2532ConjunctionhisαὐτοῦG846Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive Masculine 3rd Person Singular-τὴνG3588Article - Accusative Feminine SingularsisterἀδελφὴνG79Noun - Accusative Feminine SingularandκαὶG2532ConjunctionOlympasὈλυμπᾶνG3652Noun - Accusative Masculine SingularandκαὶG2532ConjunctionallπάνταςG3956Adjective - Accusative Masculine PluraltheτοὺςG3588Article - Accusative Masculine PluralsaintsἁγίουςG40Adjective - Accusative Masculine PluralwithσὺνG4862PrepositionthemαὐτοῖςG846Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Dative Masculine 3rd Person Plural
Verse 16

Original words

GreetἈσπάσασθεG782Verb - Aorist Imperative Middle - 2nd Person Pluralone anotherἀλλήλουςG240Personal / Reciprocal Pronoun - Accusative Masculine PluralwithἐνG1722Prepositiona holyἁγίῳG40Adjective - Dative Neuter SingularkissφιλήματιG5370Noun - Dative Neuter SingularAllπᾶσαιG3956Adjective - Nominative Feminine PluraltheαἱG3588Article - Nominative Feminine PluralchurchesἐκκλησίαιG1577Noun - Nominative Feminine Plural-τοῦG3588Article - Genitive Masculine Singularof ChristΧριστοῦG5547Noun - Genitive Masculine Singularsend you greetingsἈσπάζονταιG782Verb - Present Indicative Middle or Passive - 3rd Person Plural. . .ὑμᾶςG4771Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Accusative 2nd Person Plural

Berean Standard Bible (BSB): CC0 Public Domain Scripture text. Focused passages are drawn from the same reader contract as the full chapter. Reference sources explains external study-link sources.