Guard the Heart: Fatherly Instruction, the Path of Wisdom, and the Refusal of Wickedness

Pro 4:5-6 The exhortation of the father now specializes itself: 5 Get wisdom, get understanding; Forget not and turn not from the words of my mouth. 6 Forsake her not, so shall she preserve thee; Love her, so shall she keep thee. Wisdom and understanding are (5a) thought of as objects of merchandise (cf. Pro 23:23; Pro 3:14), like the one pearl of great price, Mat 13:46, and the words of fatherly instruction (5b), accordingly, as offering this precious possession, or helping to the acquisition of it.

One cannot indeed say correctly אל־תשׁכח מאמרי־פי, but אל־תשׁכח משּׁמר אמרי־פי (Psa 102:5); and in this sense אל־תּשׁכּח goes before, or also the accus. object, which in אל־תשכח the author has in his mind, may, since he continues with אל־תּט, now not any longer find expression as such. That the אמרי־פי are the means of acquiring wisdom is shown in Pro 4:6, where this continues to be the primary idea.

The verse, consisting of only four words, ought to be divided by Mugrash ; the Vav (ו) in both halves of the verse introduces the apodosis imperativi (cf. e. g. , Pro 3:9. , and the apodosis prohibitivi , Pro 3:21.) The actual representation of wisdom, Pro 4:5, becomes in Pro 4:6 personal.

Pro 4:7-9 Referring to Pro 4:5, the father further explains that wisdom begins with the striving after it, and that this striving is itself its fundamental beginning: 7 The beginning of wisdom is “Get wisdom,” And with [um, at the price of] all thou hast gotten get understanding, 8 Esteem her, so shall she lift thee up; She will bring thee honour if thou dost embrace her. 9 She will put on thine head a graceful garland, She will bestow upon thee a glorious diadem.

In the motto of the book, Pro 1:7, the author would say that the fear of Jahve is that from which all wisdom takes its origin. יראת יהוה (Pro 1:7) is the subject, and as such it stands foremost. Here he means to say what the beginning of wisdom consists in. ראשׁית חכמה is the subject, and stands forth as such. The predicate may also be read קנה־חכמה (= קנות), after Pro 16:16.

The beginning of wisdom is (consists in) the getting of wisdom; but the imperative קנה, which also Aq. , Sym. , Theod. (κτῆσαι), Jerome, Syr. , Targ. express (the lxx leaves Pro 4:7 untranslated), is supported by 7b. Hitzig, after Mercier, De Dieu, and Döderlein, translates the verse thus: “the highest thing is wisdom; get wisdom,” which Zöckler approves of; but the reasons which determine him to this rendering are subtleties: if the author had wished himself to be so understood, he ought at least to have written the words ראשׁית החכמה.

But ראשׁית חכמה is a genitive of relation, as is to be expected from the relativity of the idea ראשׁית, and his intention is to say that the beginning of wisdom consists in the proposition קנה חכמה (cf. the similar formula, Ecc 12:13); this proposition is truly the lapis philosophorum , it contains all that is necessary in order to becoming wise. Therefore the Greek σοφία called itself modestly φιλοσοφία; for ἀρχὴ σὐτῆς the Book of Wisdom has, Pro 6:18, ἡ ἀληθεστάτη παιδείας ἐπιθυμία.

In 7b the proposition is expressed which contains the specificum helping to wisdom. The בּ denotes price: give all for wisdom (Mat 13:46, Mat 13:44); no price is too high, no sacrifice too great for it.

Pro 4:7-9 Referring to Pro 4:5, the father further explains that wisdom begins with the striving after it, and that this striving is itself its fundamental beginning: 7 The beginning of wisdom is “Get wisdom,” And with [um, at the price of] all thou hast gotten get understanding, 8 Esteem her, so shall she lift thee up; She will bring thee honour if thou dost embrace her. 9 She will put on thine head a graceful garland, She will bestow upon thee a glorious diadem.

In the motto of the book, Pro 1:7, the author would say that the fear of Jahve is that from which all wisdom takes its origin. יראת יהוה (Pro 1:7) is the subject, and as such it stands foremost. Here he means to say what the beginning of wisdom consists in. ראשׁית חכמה is the subject, and stands forth as such. The predicate may also be read קנה־חכמה (= קנות), after Pro 16:16.

The beginning of wisdom is (consists in) the getting of wisdom; but the imperative קנה, which also Aq. , Sym. , Theod. (κτῆσαι), Jerome, Syr. , Targ. express (the lxx leaves Pro 4:7 untranslated), is supported by 7b. Hitzig, after Mercier, De Dieu, and Döderlein, translates the verse thus: “the highest thing is wisdom; get wisdom,” which Zöckler approves of; but the reasons which determine him to this rendering are subtleties: if the author had wished himself to be so understood, he ought at least to have written the words ראשׁית החכמה.

But ראשׁית חכמה is a genitive of relation, as is to be expected from the relativity of the idea ראשׁית, and his intention is to say that the beginning of wisdom consists in the proposition קנה חכמה (cf. the similar formula, Ecc 12:13); this proposition is truly the lapis philosophorum , it contains all that is necessary in order to becoming wise. Therefore the Greek σοφία called itself modestly φιλοσοφία; for ἀρχὴ σὐτῆς the Book of Wisdom has, Pro 6:18, ἡ ἀληθεστάτη παιδείας ἐπιθυμία.

In 7b the proposition is expressed which contains the specificum helping to wisdom. The בּ denotes price: give all for wisdom (Mat 13:46, Mat 13:44); no price is too high, no sacrifice too great for it.

Pro 4:7-9 Referring to Pro 4:5, the father further explains that wisdom begins with the striving after it, and that this striving is itself its fundamental beginning: 7 The beginning of wisdom is “Get wisdom,” And with [um, at the price of] all thou hast gotten get understanding, 8 Esteem her, so shall she lift thee up; She will bring thee honour if thou dost embrace her. 9 She will put on thine head a graceful garland, She will bestow upon thee a glorious diadem.

In the motto of the book, Pro 1:7, the author would say that the fear of Jahve is that from which all wisdom takes its origin. יראת יהוה (Pro 1:7) is the subject, and as such it stands foremost. Here he means to say what the beginning of wisdom consists in. ראשׁית חכמה is the subject, and stands forth as such. The predicate may also be read קנה־חכמה (= קנות), after Pro 16:16.

The beginning of wisdom is (consists in) the getting of wisdom; but the imperative קנה, which also Aq. , Sym. , Theod. (κτῆσαι), Jerome, Syr. , Targ. express (the lxx leaves Pro 4:7 untranslated), is supported by 7b. Hitzig, after Mercier, De Dieu, and Döderlein, translates the verse thus: “the highest thing is wisdom; get wisdom,” which Zöckler approves of; but the reasons which determine him to this rendering are subtleties: if the author had wished himself to be so understood, he ought at least to have written the words ראשׁית החכמה.

But ראשׁית חכמה is a genitive of relation, as is to be expected from the relativity of the idea ראשׁית, and his intention is to say that the beginning of wisdom consists in the proposition קנה חכמה (cf. the similar formula, Ecc 12:13); this proposition is truly the lapis philosophorum , it contains all that is necessary in order to becoming wise. Therefore the Greek σοφία called itself modestly φιλοσοφία; for ἀρχὴ σὐτῆς the Book of Wisdom has, Pro 6:18, ἡ ἀληθεστάτη παιδείας ἐπιθυμία.

In 7b the proposition is expressed which contains the specificum helping to wisdom. The בּ denotes price: give all for wisdom (Mat 13:46, Mat 13:44); no price is too high, no sacrifice too great for it.

Pro 4:10-12 There is no reason for the supposition that the warning which his father gave to the poet now passes over into warnings given by the poet himself (Hitzig); the admonition of the father thus far refers only in general to the endeavour after wisdom, and we are led to expect that the good doctrines which the father communicates to the son as a viaticum will be further expanded, and become more and more specific when they take a new departure. 10 Hearken, my son, and receive my sayings, So shall the years of life be increased to thee.

11 In the way of wisdom have I taught thee, Guided thee in the paths of rectitude. 12 When thou goest, thy step shall not be straitened; And if thou runnest, thou shalt not stumble. Regarding קח (of לקח) of appropriating reception and taking up in succum et sanguinem , vid . , Pro 1:3; regarding שׁנות חיּים, years not merely of the duration of life, but of the enjoyment of life, Pro 3:2; regarding מעגּל (מעגּלה), path (track), Pro 2:9; regarding the בּ of הורה, of the department and subject of instruction, Psa 25:8.

The perfects, Pro 4:11, are different from נתתּי, 2a: they refer to rules of life given at an earlier period, which are summarily repeated in this address. The way of wisdom is that which leads to wisdom (Job 28:23); the paths of rectitude, such as trace out the way which is in accordance with the rule of the good and the right. If the youth holds to this direction, he will not go on in darkness or uncertainty with anxious footsteps; and if in youthful fervour he flies along his course, he will not stumble on any unforeseen obstacle and fall.

יצר is as a metaplastic fut. to צרר or צוּר, to be narrow, to straiten, formed as if from יצר. The Targ. after Aruch, לא תשנק ארחך, thou shalt not need to bind together ( constringere ) or to hedge up thy way.

Pro 4:10-12 There is no reason for the supposition that the warning which his father gave to the poet now passes over into warnings given by the poet himself (Hitzig); the admonition of the father thus far refers only in general to the endeavour after wisdom, and we are led to expect that the good doctrines which the father communicates to the son as a viaticum will be further expanded, and become more and more specific when they take a new departure. 10 Hearken, my son, and receive my sayings, So shall the years of life be increased to thee.

11 In the way of wisdom have I taught thee, Guided thee in the paths of rectitude. 12 When thou goest, thy step shall not be straitened; And if thou runnest, thou shalt not stumble. Regarding קח (of לקח) of appropriating reception and taking up in succum et sanguinem , vid . , Pro 1:3; regarding שׁנות חיּים, years not merely of the duration of life, but of the enjoyment of life, Pro 3:2; regarding מעגּל (מעגּלה), path (track), Pro 2:9; regarding the בּ of הורה, of the department and subject of instruction, Psa 25:8.

The perfects, Pro 4:11, are different from נתתּי, 2a: they refer to rules of life given at an earlier period, which are summarily repeated in this address. The way of wisdom is that which leads to wisdom (Job 28:23); the paths of rectitude, such as trace out the way which is in accordance with the rule of the good and the right. If the youth holds to this direction, he will not go on in darkness or uncertainty with anxious footsteps; and if in youthful fervour he flies along his course, he will not stumble on any unforeseen obstacle and fall.

יצר is as a metaplastic fut. to צרר or צוּר, to be narrow, to straiten, formed as if from יצר. The Targ. after Aruch, לא תשנק ארחך, thou shalt not need to bind together ( constringere ) or to hedge up thy way.

Pro 4:10-12 There is no reason for the supposition that the warning which his father gave to the poet now passes over into warnings given by the poet himself (Hitzig); the admonition of the father thus far refers only in general to the endeavour after wisdom, and we are led to expect that the good doctrines which the father communicates to the son as a viaticum will be further expanded, and become more and more specific when they take a new departure. 10 Hearken, my son, and receive my sayings, So shall the years of life be increased to thee.

11 In the way of wisdom have I taught thee, Guided thee in the paths of rectitude. 12 When thou goest, thy step shall not be straitened; And if thou runnest, thou shalt not stumble. Regarding קח (of לקח) of appropriating reception and taking up in succum et sanguinem , vid . , Pro 1:3; regarding שׁנות חיּים, years not merely of the duration of life, but of the enjoyment of life, Pro 3:2; regarding מעגּל (מעגּלה), path (track), Pro 2:9; regarding the בּ of הורה, of the department and subject of instruction, Psa 25:8.

The perfects, Pro 4:11, are different from נתתּי, 2a: they refer to rules of life given at an earlier period, which are summarily repeated in this address. The way of wisdom is that which leads to wisdom (Job 28:23); the paths of rectitude, such as trace out the way which is in accordance with the rule of the good and the right. If the youth holds to this direction, he will not go on in darkness or uncertainty with anxious footsteps; and if in youthful fervour he flies along his course, he will not stumble on any unforeseen obstacle and fall.

יצר is as a metaplastic fut. to צרר or צוּר, to be narrow, to straiten, formed as if from יצר. The Targ. after Aruch, לא תשנק ארחך, thou shalt not need to bind together ( constringere ) or to hedge up thy way.

Pro 4:13-14 The exhortations attracting by means of promises, now become warnings fitted to alarm: 13 Hold fast to instruction, let her not go; Keep her, for she is thy life. 14 Into the path of the wicked enter not, And walk not in the way of the evil 15 Avoid it, enter not into it; Turn from it and pass away. 16 For they cannot sleep unless they do evil, And they are deprived of sleep unless they bring others to ruin.

17 For they eat the bread of wickedness, And they drink the wine of violence. Elsewhere מוּסר means also self-discipline, or moral religious education, Pro 1:3; here discipline, i. e. , parental educative counsel. תּרף is the segolated fut. apoc. Hiph . (indic. תּרפּה) from tarp, cf. the imper. Hiph . הרף from harp. נצּרה is the imper. Kal (not Piel , as Aben Ezra thinks) with Dagesh dirimens ; cf.

the verbal substantive נצּרה Psa 141:3, with similar Dagesh , after the form יקּהה, Gen 49:10. מוּסר (elsewhere always masc.) is here used in the fem. as the synonym of the name of wisdom: keep her (instruction), for she is thy life, i. e. , the life of thy life. In Pro 4:14 the godless ( vid . , on the root-idea of רשׁע under Psa 1:1) and the habitually wicked, i.

e. , the vicious, stand in parallelism; בּוא and אשּׁר are related as entering and going on, ingressus and progressus . The verb אשׁר signifies, like ישׁר, to be straight, even, fortunate, whence אשׁר = Arab. yusâr, happiness, and to step straight out, Pro 9:6, of which meanings אשּׁר is partly the intensive, as here, partly the causative, Pro 23:19 (elsewhere causative of the meaning, to be happy, Gen 30:13).

The meaning progredi is not mediated by a supplementary צעדיו; the derivative אשׁוּר (אשּׁוּר), a step, shows that it is derived immediately from the root-idea of a movement in a straight line. Still less justifiable is the rendering by Schultens, ne vestigia imprimas in via malorum ; for the Arab. âththr is denom. of ithr, אתר, the primitive verb roots of which, athr, אתר = אשׁר, are lost.

Pro 4:13-14 The exhortations attracting by means of promises, now become warnings fitted to alarm: 13 Hold fast to instruction, let her not go; Keep her, for she is thy life. 14 Into the path of the wicked enter not, And walk not in the way of the evil 15 Avoid it, enter not into it; Turn from it and pass away. 16 For they cannot sleep unless they do evil, And they are deprived of sleep unless they bring others to ruin.

17 For they eat the bread of wickedness, And they drink the wine of violence. Elsewhere מוּסר means also self-discipline, or moral religious education, Pro 1:3; here discipline, i. e. , parental educative counsel. תּרף is the segolated fut. apoc. Hiph . (indic. תּרפּה) from tarp, cf. the imper. Hiph . הרף from harp. נצּרה is the imper. Kal (not Piel , as Aben Ezra thinks) with Dagesh dirimens ; cf.

the verbal substantive נצּרה Psa 141:3, with similar Dagesh , after the form יקּהה, Gen 49:10. מוּסר (elsewhere always masc.) is here used in the fem. as the synonym of the name of wisdom: keep her (instruction), for she is thy life, i. e. , the life of thy life. In Pro 4:14 the godless ( vid . , on the root-idea of רשׁע under Psa 1:1) and the habitually wicked, i.

e. , the vicious, stand in parallelism; בּוא and אשּׁר are related as entering and going on, ingressus and progressus . The verb אשׁר signifies, like ישׁר, to be straight, even, fortunate, whence אשׁר = Arab. yusâr, happiness, and to step straight out, Pro 9:6, of which meanings אשּׁר is partly the intensive, as here, partly the causative, Pro 23:19 (elsewhere causative of the meaning, to be happy, Gen 30:13).

The meaning progredi is not mediated by a supplementary צעדיו; the derivative אשׁוּר (אשּׁוּר), a step, shows that it is derived immediately from the root-idea of a movement in a straight line. Still less justifiable is the rendering by Schultens, ne vestigia imprimas in via malorum ; for the Arab. âththr is denom. of ithr, אתר, the primitive verb roots of which, athr, אתר = אשׁר, are lost.

Pro 4:15 On פּרעהוּ, avoid it (the way), ( opp . אחז, Job 17:9; תּמך, Psa 17:5), see under Pro 1:25. שׂטה, elsewhere (as the Arab. shatt, to be without measure, insolent) used in malam partem , has here its fundamental meaning, to go aside. מעליו (expressed in French by de dessus , in Ital. by di sopra ) denotes: so that thou comest not to stand on it. עבר means in both cases transire , but the second instance, “to go beyond (farther)” (cf. 2Sa 15:22, and under Hab 1:11), coincides with “to escape, evadere .”

Pro 4:16 In the reason here given the perf. may stand in the conditional clauses as well as in Virgil’s Et si non aliqua nocuisses, mortuus esses ; but the fut. , as in Ecc 5:11, denotes that they (the רעים and the רשׁעים) cannot sleep, and are deprived of their sleep, unless they are continually doing evil and bringing others into misery; the interruption of this course of conduct, which has become to them like a second nature, would be as the interruption of their diet, which makes them ill.

For the Kal יכשׁולוּ, which here must have the meaning of the person sinning (cf. Pro 4:19), and would be feeble if used of the confirmed transgressors, the Kerı̂ rightly substitutes the Hiphil יכשׁילוּ, which occurs also 2Ch 25:8, there without an object, in the meaning to cause to fall, as the contrast of עזר (to help).

Pro 4:17 The second כּי introduces the reason of their bodily welfare being conditioned by evil-doing. If the poet meant: they live on bread which consists in wickedness, i. e. , on wickedness as their bread, then in the parallel sentence he should have used the word חמס; the genitives are meant of the means of acquisition: they live on unrighteous gain, on bread and wine which they procure by wickedness and by all manner of violence or injustice.

On the etymon of חמס (Arab. ḥamas, durum, asperum, vehementem esse ), vid . , Schultens; the plur. חמסים belongs to a more recent epoch ( vid . , under 2Sa 22:49 and Psa 18:49). The change in the tense represents the idea that they having eaten such bread, set forth such wine, and therewith wash it down.

Pro 4:18-19 The two ways that lie for his choice before the youth, are distinguished from one another as light is from darkness: 18 And the path of the just is like the brightness of the morning light, Which shines more and more till the perfect day. 19 The way of the wicked is deep darkness, They know not at what they stumble. The Hebr. style is wont to conceal in its Vav (ו) diverse kinds of logical relations, but the Vav of 18a may suitably stand before 19a, where the discontinuance of this contrast of the two ways is unsuitable.

The displacing of a Vav from its right position is not indeed without example (see under Psa 16:3); but since Pro 4:19 joins itself more easily than Pro 4:18 to Pro 4:17 without missing a particle, thus it is more probable that the two verses are to be transposed, than that the ו of וארח (Pro 4:17) is to be prefixed to דּרך (Pro 4:18). Sinning, says Pro 4:16, has become to the godless as a second nature, so that they cannot sleep without it; they must continually be sinning, adds Pro 4:17, for thus and not otherwise do they gain for themselves their daily bread.

With reference to this fearful self-perversion to which wickedness has become a necessity and a condition of life, the poet further says that the way of the godless is כּאפלה, as deep darkness, as the entire absence of light: it cannot be otherwise than that they fall, but they do not at all know whereat they fall, for they do not at all know wickedness as such, and have no apprehension of the punishment which from an inward necessity it brings along with it; on the contrary, the path of the just is in constantly increasing light - the light of knowledge, and the light of true happiness which is given in and with knowledge. On בּמּה vid .

, under Isa 2:22; it is מכשׁול, σκάνδαλον, that is meant, stumbling against which (cf. Lev 26:37) they stumble to their fall. נגהּ, used elsewhere than in the Bible, means the morning star (Venus), (Sirach 50:4, Syr.) ; when used in the Bible it means the early dawn, the light of the rising sun, the morning light, 2Sa 23:4; Isa 62:1, which announces itself in the morning twilight, Dan 6:20.

The light of this morning sunshine is הולך ואור, going and shining, i. e. , becoming ever brighter. In the connection of הולך ואור it might be a question whether אור is regarded as gerundive (Gen 8:3, Gen 8:5), or as participle (2Sa 16:5; Jer 41:6), or as a participial adjective (Gen 26:13; Jdg 4:24); in the connection of הלוך ואור, on the contrary, it is unquestionably the gerundive: the partic.

denoting the progress joins itself either with the partic. , Jon 1:11, or with the participial adjective, 2Sa 3:1; 2Ch 17:12, or with another adjective formation, 2Sa 15:12; Est 9:4 (where וגדול after וגדל of other places appears to be intended as an adjective, not after 2Sa 5:10 as gerundive). Thus ואור, as also וטוב, 1Sa 2:26, will be participial after the form בּושׁ, being ashamed (Ges.

§72, 1); cf. בּוס, Zec 10:5, קום, 2Ki 16:7. “נכון היּום quite corresponds to the Greek τὸ σταθηρὸν τῆς ἡμέρας, ἡ σταθηρὰ μεσημβρία (as one also says τὸ σταθηρὸν τῆς νυκτός), and to the Arabic qâ'mt ‛l-nhâr and qâ'mt ‛l-dhyrt. The figure is probably derived from the balance (cf. Lucan’s Pharsalia , lib. 9: quam cardine summo Stat librata dies ): before and after midday the tongue on the balance of the day bends to the left and to the right, but at the point of midday it stands directly in the midst” (Fleischer).

It is the midday time that is meant, when the clearness of the day has reached its fullest intensity - the point between increasing and decreasing, when, as we are wont to say, the sun stands in the zenith (= Arab. samt, the point of support, i. e. , the vertex). Besides Mar 4:28, there is no biblical passage which presents like these two a figure of gradual development.

The progress of blissful knowledge is compared to that of the clearness of the day till it reaches its midday height, having reached to which it becomes a knowing of all in God, Pro 28:5; 1Jo 2:20.

Pro 4:18-19 The two ways that lie for his choice before the youth, are distinguished from one another as light is from darkness: 18 And the path of the just is like the brightness of the morning light, Which shines more and more till the perfect day. 19 The way of the wicked is deep darkness, They know not at what they stumble. The Hebr. style is wont to conceal in its Vav (ו) diverse kinds of logical relations, but the Vav of 18a may suitably stand before 19a, where the discontinuance of this contrast of the two ways is unsuitable.

The displacing of a Vav from its right position is not indeed without example (see under Psa 16:3); but since Pro 4:19 joins itself more easily than Pro 4:18 to Pro 4:17 without missing a particle, thus it is more probable that the two verses are to be transposed, than that the ו of וארח (Pro 4:17) is to be prefixed to דּרך (Pro 4:18). Sinning, says Pro 4:16, has become to the godless as a second nature, so that they cannot sleep without it; they must continually be sinning, adds Pro 4:17, for thus and not otherwise do they gain for themselves their daily bread.

With reference to this fearful self-perversion to which wickedness has become a necessity and a condition of life, the poet further says that the way of the godless is כּאפלה, as deep darkness, as the entire absence of light: it cannot be otherwise than that they fall, but they do not at all know whereat they fall, for they do not at all know wickedness as such, and have no apprehension of the punishment which from an inward necessity it brings along with it; on the contrary, the path of the just is in constantly increasing light - the light of knowledge, and the light of true happiness which is given in and with knowledge. On בּמּה vid .

, under Isa 2:22; it is מכשׁול, σκάνδαλον, that is meant, stumbling against which (cf. Lev 26:37) they stumble to their fall. נגהּ, used elsewhere than in the Bible, means the morning star (Venus), (Sirach 50:4, Syr.) ; when used in the Bible it means the early dawn, the light of the rising sun, the morning light, 2Sa 23:4; Isa 62:1, which announces itself in the morning twilight, Dan 6:20.

The light of this morning sunshine is הולך ואור, going and shining, i. e. , becoming ever brighter. In the connection of הולך ואור it might be a question whether אור is regarded as gerundive (Gen 8:3, Gen 8:5), or as participle (2Sa 16:5; Jer 41:6), or as a participial adjective (Gen 26:13; Jdg 4:24); in the connection of הלוך ואור, on the contrary, it is unquestionably the gerundive: the partic.

denoting the progress joins itself either with the partic. , Jon 1:11, or with the participial adjective, 2Sa 3:1; 2Ch 17:12, or with another adjective formation, 2Sa 15:12; Est 9:4 (where וגדול after וגדל of other places appears to be intended as an adjective, not after 2Sa 5:10 as gerundive). Thus ואור, as also וטוב, 1Sa 2:26, will be participial after the form בּושׁ, being ashamed (Ges.

§72, 1); cf. בּוס, Zec 10:5, קום, 2Ki 16:7. “נכון היּום quite corresponds to the Greek τὸ σταθηρὸν τῆς ἡμέρας, ἡ σταθηρὰ μεσημβρία (as one also says τὸ σταθηρὸν τῆς νυκτός), and to the Arabic qâ'mt ‛l-nhâr and qâ'mt ‛l-dhyrt. The figure is probably derived from the balance (cf. Lucan’s Pharsalia , lib. 9: quam cardine summo Stat librata dies ): before and after midday the tongue on the balance of the day bends to the left and to the right, but at the point of midday it stands directly in the midst” (Fleischer).

It is the midday time that is meant, when the clearness of the day has reached its fullest intensity - the point between increasing and decreasing, when, as we are wont to say, the sun stands in the zenith (= Arab. samt, the point of support, i. e. , the vertex). Besides Mar 4:28, there is no biblical passage which presents like these two a figure of gradual development.

The progress of blissful knowledge is compared to that of the clearness of the day till it reaches its midday height, having reached to which it becomes a knowing of all in God, Pro 28:5; 1Jo 2:20.

Pro 4:20-22 The paternal admonition now takes a new departure: 20 My son, attend unto my words, Incline thine ear to my sayings. 21 Let them not depart from thine eyes; Keep them in the midst of thine heart. 22 For they are life to all who get possession of them, And health to their whole body. Regarding the Hiph . הלּין (for הלין), Pro 4:21, formed after the Chaldee manner like הלּין, הנּיח, הסּיג, vid .

, Gesenius, §72, 9; - Ewald, §114, c, gives to it the meaning of “to mock,” for he interchanges it with הלין, instead of the meaning to take away, efficere ut recedat (cf. under Pro 2:15). This supposed causative meaning it has also here: may they = may one ( vid . , under Pro 2:22) not remove them from thine eyes; the object is (Pro 4:20) the words of the paternal admonition.

Hitzig, indeed, observes that “the accusative is not supplied;” but with greater right it is to be remarked that ילּיזוּ (fut. Hiph . of לוּז) and ילוּזוּ (fut. Kal of id .) are not one and the same, and the less so as הלּיז occurs, but the masoretical and grammatical authorities ( e. g. , Kimchi) demand ילּיזוּ. The plur. למצאיהם is continued, 22b, in the sing.

, for that which is said refers to each one of the many (Pro 3:18, Pro 3:28, Pro 3:35). מצא is fundamentally an active conception, like our “ finden ,” to find; it means to attain, to produce, to procure, etc. מרפּא means, according as the מ is understood of the “that = ut ” of the action or of the “what” of its performance, either health or the means of health; here, like רפאוּת, Pro 3:8, not with the underlying conception of sickness, but of the fluctuations connected with the bodily life of man, which make needful not only a continual strengthening of it, but also its being again and again restored.

Nothing preserves soul and body in a healthier state than when we always keep before our eyes and carry in our hearts the good doctrines; they give to us true guidance on the way of life: “Godliness has the promise of this life, and of that which is to come. ” 1Ti 4:8.

Pro 4:20-22 The paternal admonition now takes a new departure: 20 My son, attend unto my words, Incline thine ear to my sayings. 21 Let them not depart from thine eyes; Keep them in the midst of thine heart. 22 For they are life to all who get possession of them, And health to their whole body. Regarding the Hiph . הלּין (for הלין), Pro 4:21, formed after the Chaldee manner like הלּין, הנּיח, הסּיג, vid .

, Gesenius, §72, 9; - Ewald, §114, c, gives to it the meaning of “to mock,” for he interchanges it with הלין, instead of the meaning to take away, efficere ut recedat (cf. under Pro 2:15). This supposed causative meaning it has also here: may they = may one ( vid . , under Pro 2:22) not remove them from thine eyes; the object is (Pro 4:20) the words of the paternal admonition.

Hitzig, indeed, observes that “the accusative is not supplied;” but with greater right it is to be remarked that ילּיזוּ (fut. Hiph . of לוּז) and ילוּזוּ (fut. Kal of id .) are not one and the same, and the less so as הלּיז occurs, but the masoretical and grammatical authorities ( e. g. , Kimchi) demand ילּיזוּ. The plur. למצאיהם is continued, 22b, in the sing.

, for that which is said refers to each one of the many (Pro 3:18, Pro 3:28, Pro 3:35). מצא is fundamentally an active conception, like our “ finden ,” to find; it means to attain, to produce, to procure, etc. מרפּא means, according as the מ is understood of the “that = ut ” of the action or of the “what” of its performance, either health or the means of health; here, like רפאוּת, Pro 3:8, not with the underlying conception of sickness, but of the fluctuations connected with the bodily life of man, which make needful not only a continual strengthening of it, but also its being again and again restored.

Nothing preserves soul and body in a healthier state than when we always keep before our eyes and carry in our hearts the good doctrines; they give to us true guidance on the way of life: “Godliness has the promise of this life, and of that which is to come. ” 1Ti 4:8.

Pro 4:20-22 The paternal admonition now takes a new departure: 20 My son, attend unto my words, Incline thine ear to my sayings. 21 Let them not depart from thine eyes; Keep them in the midst of thine heart. 22 For they are life to all who get possession of them, And health to their whole body. Regarding the Hiph . הלּין (for הלין), Pro 4:21, formed after the Chaldee manner like הלּין, הנּיח, הסּיג, vid .

, Gesenius, §72, 9; - Ewald, §114, c, gives to it the meaning of “to mock,” for he interchanges it with הלין, instead of the meaning to take away, efficere ut recedat (cf. under Pro 2:15). This supposed causative meaning it has also here: may they = may one ( vid . , under Pro 2:22) not remove them from thine eyes; the object is (Pro 4:20) the words of the paternal admonition.

Hitzig, indeed, observes that “the accusative is not supplied;” but with greater right it is to be remarked that ילּיזוּ (fut. Hiph . of לוּז) and ילוּזוּ (fut. Kal of id .) are not one and the same, and the less so as הלּיז occurs, but the masoretical and grammatical authorities ( e. g. , Kimchi) demand ילּיזוּ. The plur. למצאיהם is continued, 22b, in the sing.

, for that which is said refers to each one of the many (Pro 3:18, Pro 3:28, Pro 3:35). מצא is fundamentally an active conception, like our “ finden ,” to find; it means to attain, to produce, to procure, etc. מרפּא means, according as the מ is understood of the “that = ut ” of the action or of the “what” of its performance, either health or the means of health; here, like רפאוּת, Pro 3:8, not with the underlying conception of sickness, but of the fluctuations connected with the bodily life of man, which make needful not only a continual strengthening of it, but also its being again and again restored.

Nothing preserves soul and body in a healthier state than when we always keep before our eyes and carry in our hearts the good doctrines; they give to us true guidance on the way of life: “Godliness has the promise of this life, and of that which is to come. ” 1Ti 4:8.

Pro 4:23-27 After this general preface the exhortation now becomes special: 23 Above all other things that are to be guarded, keep thy heart, For out from it life has its issues. 24 Put away from thee perverseness of mouth, And waywardness of lips put far from thee. 25 Thine eyes should look straight forward, And thine eyelids look straight to the end before thee.

26 Make even the path of thy feet, And let all thy ways be correct. 27 Turn not aside to the right and to the left; Remove thy foot from evil. Although משׁמר in itself and in this connection may mean the object to be watchfully avoided ( cavendi ) ( vid . , under Pro 2:20): thus the usage of the language lying before us applies it, yet only as denoting the place of watching or the object observandi ; so that it is not to be thus explained, with Raschi and others: before all from which one has to protect himself ( ab omni re cavenda ), guard thine heart; but: before all that one has to guard ( prae omni re custodienda ), guard it as the most precious of possessions committed to thy trust.

The heart, which according to its etymon denotes that which is substantial ( Kernhafte ) in man (cf. Arab. lubb, the kernel of the nut or almond), comes here into view not as the physical, but as the intellectual, and specially the ethical centrum .

Pro 4:23-27 After this general preface the exhortation now becomes special: 23 Above all other things that are to be guarded, keep thy heart, For out from it life has its issues. 24 Put away from thee perverseness of mouth, And waywardness of lips put far from thee. 25 Thine eyes should look straight forward, And thine eyelids look straight to the end before thee.

26 Make even the path of thy feet, And let all thy ways be correct. 27 Turn not aside to the right and to the left; Remove thy foot from evil. Although משׁמר in itself and in this connection may mean the object to be watchfully avoided ( cavendi ) ( vid . , under Pro 2:20): thus the usage of the language lying before us applies it, yet only as denoting the place of watching or the object observandi ; so that it is not to be thus explained, with Raschi and others: before all from which one has to protect himself ( ab omni re cavenda ), guard thine heart; but: before all that one has to guard ( prae omni re custodienda ), guard it as the most precious of possessions committed to thy trust.

The heart, which according to its etymon denotes that which is substantial ( Kernhafte ) in man (cf. Arab. lubb, the kernel of the nut or almond), comes here into view not as the physical, but as the intellectual, and specially the ethical centrum .

Pro 4:23-27 After this general preface the exhortation now becomes special: 23 Above all other things that are to be guarded, keep thy heart, For out from it life has its issues. 24 Put away from thee perverseness of mouth, And waywardness of lips put far from thee. 25 Thine eyes should look straight forward, And thine eyelids look straight to the end before thee.

26 Make even the path of thy feet, And let all thy ways be correct. 27 Turn not aside to the right and to the left; Remove thy foot from evil. Although משׁמר in itself and in this connection may mean the object to be watchfully avoided ( cavendi ) ( vid . , under Pro 2:20): thus the usage of the language lying before us applies it, yet only as denoting the place of watching or the object observandi ; so that it is not to be thus explained, with Raschi and others: before all from which one has to protect himself ( ab omni re cavenda ), guard thine heart; but: before all that one has to guard ( prae omni re custodienda ), guard it as the most precious of possessions committed to thy trust.

The heart, which according to its etymon denotes that which is substantial ( Kernhafte ) in man (cf. Arab. lubb, the kernel of the nut or almond), comes here into view not as the physical, but as the intellectual, and specially the ethical centrum .

Pro 4:23-27 After this general preface the exhortation now becomes special: 23 Above all other things that are to be guarded, keep thy heart, For out from it life has its issues. 24 Put away from thee perverseness of mouth, And waywardness of lips put far from thee. 25 Thine eyes should look straight forward, And thine eyelids look straight to the end before thee.

26 Make even the path of thy feet, And let all thy ways be correct. 27 Turn not aside to the right and to the left; Remove thy foot from evil. Although משׁמר in itself and in this connection may mean the object to be watchfully avoided ( cavendi ) ( vid . , under Pro 2:20): thus the usage of the language lying before us applies it, yet only as denoting the place of watching or the object observandi ; so that it is not to be thus explained, with Raschi and others: before all from which one has to protect himself ( ab omni re cavenda ), guard thine heart; but: before all that one has to guard ( prae omni re custodienda ), guard it as the most precious of possessions committed to thy trust.

The heart, which according to its etymon denotes that which is substantial ( Kernhafte ) in man (cf. Arab. lubb, the kernel of the nut or almond), comes here into view not as the physical, but as the intellectual, and specially the ethical centrum .

Pro 4:23-27 After this general preface the exhortation now becomes special: 23 Above all other things that are to be guarded, keep thy heart, For out from it life has its issues. 24 Put away from thee perverseness of mouth, And waywardness of lips put far from thee. 25 Thine eyes should look straight forward, And thine eyelids look straight to the end before thee.

26 Make even the path of thy feet, And let all thy ways be correct. 27 Turn not aside to the right and to the left; Remove thy foot from evil. Although משׁמר in itself and in this connection may mean the object to be watchfully avoided ( cavendi ) ( vid . , under Pro 2:20): thus the usage of the language lying before us applies it, yet only as denoting the place of watching or the object observandi ; so that it is not to be thus explained, with Raschi and others: before all from which one has to protect himself ( ab omni re cavenda ), guard thine heart; but: before all that one has to guard ( prae omni re custodienda ), guard it as the most precious of possessions committed to thy trust.

The heart, which according to its etymon denotes that which is substantial ( Kernhafte ) in man (cf. Arab. lubb, the kernel of the nut or almond), comes here into view not as the physical, but as the intellectual, and specially the ethical centrum .

Pro 5:1-6 Here a fourth rule of life follows the three already given, Pro 4:24, Pro 4:25, Pro 4:26-27 : 1 My son, attend unto my wisdom, And incline thine ear to my prudence, 2 To observe discretion, And that thy lips preserve knowledge. 3 For the lips of the adulteress distil honey, And smoother than oil is her mouth; 4 But her end is bitter like wormwood, Sharper than a two-edged sword.

5 Her feet go down to death, Her steps cleave to Hades. 6 She is far removed from entering the way of life, Her steps wander without her observing it. Wisdom and understanding increase with the age of those who earnestly seek after them. It is the father of the youth who here requests a willing ear to his wisdom of life, gained in the way of many years’ experience and observation.

In Pro 5:2 the inf . of the object is continued in the finitum , as in Pro 2:2, Pro 2:8. מזמּות ( vid . , on its etymon under Pro 1:4) are plans, projects, designs, for the most part in a bad sense, intrigues and artifices ( vid . , Pro 24:8), but also used of well-considered resolutions toward what is good, and hence of the purposes of God, Jer 23:20. This noble sense of the word מזמּה, with its plur.

, is peculiar to the introductory portion (chap. 1-9) of the Book of Proverbs. The plur. means here and at Pro 8:12 (placing itself with חכמות and תּבוּנות, vid . , p. 68) the reflection and deliberation which is the presupposition of well-considered action, and שׁמר is thus not otherwise than at Pro 19:8, and everywhere so meant, where it has that which is obligatory as its object: the youth is summoned to careful observation and persevering exemplification of the quidquid agas, prudenter agas et respice finem .

In 2b the Rebia Mugrash forbids the genitive connection of the two words דּעתו שׂפתיך; we translate: et ut scientiam labia tua tueantur . Lips which preserve knowledge are such as permit nothing to escape from them (Psa 17:3) which proceeds not from the knowledge of God, and in Him of that which is good and right, and aims at the working out of this knowledge; vid .

, Köhler on Mal 2:7. שׂפתיך (from שׂפה, Arab. shafat, edge, lip, properly that against which one rubs, and that which rubs itself) is fem. , but the usage of the language presents the word in two genders (cf. 3a with Pro 26:23). Regarding the pausal ינצרוּ for יצּרוּ, vid . , under Mal 3:1; Mal 2:11. The lips which distil the honey of enticement stand opposite to the lips which distil knowledge; the object of the admonition is to furnish a protection against the honey-lips.

Pro 5:1-6 Here a fourth rule of life follows the three already given, Pro 4:24, Pro 4:25, Pro 4:26-27 : 1 My son, attend unto my wisdom, And incline thine ear to my prudence, 2 To observe discretion, And that thy lips preserve knowledge. 3 For the lips of the adulteress distil honey, And smoother than oil is her mouth; 4 But her end is bitter like wormwood, Sharper than a two-edged sword.

5 Her feet go down to death, Her steps cleave to Hades. 6 She is far removed from entering the way of life, Her steps wander without her observing it. Wisdom and understanding increase with the age of those who earnestly seek after them. It is the father of the youth who here requests a willing ear to his wisdom of life, gained in the way of many years’ experience and observation.

In Pro 5:2 the inf . of the object is continued in the finitum , as in Pro 2:2, Pro 2:8. מזמּות ( vid . , on its etymon under Pro 1:4) are plans, projects, designs, for the most part in a bad sense, intrigues and artifices ( vid . , Pro 24:8), but also used of well-considered resolutions toward what is good, and hence of the purposes of God, Jer 23:20. This noble sense of the word מזמּה, with its plur.

, is peculiar to the introductory portion (chap. 1-9) of the Book of Proverbs. The plur. means here and at Pro 8:12 (placing itself with חכמות and תּבוּנות, vid . , p. 68) the reflection and deliberation which is the presupposition of well-considered action, and שׁמר is thus not otherwise than at Pro 19:8, and everywhere so meant, where it has that which is obligatory as its object: the youth is summoned to careful observation and persevering exemplification of the quidquid agas, prudenter agas et respice finem .

In 2b the Rebia Mugrash forbids the genitive connection of the two words דּעתו שׂפתיך; we translate: et ut scientiam labia tua tueantur . Lips which preserve knowledge are such as permit nothing to escape from them (Psa 17:3) which proceeds not from the knowledge of God, and in Him of that which is good and right, and aims at the working out of this knowledge; vid .

, Köhler on Mal 2:7. שׂפתיך (from שׂפה, Arab. shafat, edge, lip, properly that against which one rubs, and that which rubs itself) is fem. , but the usage of the language presents the word in two genders (cf. 3a with Pro 26:23). Regarding the pausal ינצרוּ for יצּרוּ, vid . , under Mal 3:1; Mal 2:11. The lips which distil the honey of enticement stand opposite to the lips which distil knowledge; the object of the admonition is to furnish a protection against the honey-lips.

Pro 5:1-6 Here a fourth rule of life follows the three already given, Pro 4:24, Pro 4:25, Pro 4:26-27 : 1 My son, attend unto my wisdom, And incline thine ear to my prudence, 2 To observe discretion, And that thy lips preserve knowledge. 3 For the lips of the adulteress distil honey, And smoother than oil is her mouth; 4 But her end is bitter like wormwood, Sharper than a two-edged sword.

5 Her feet go down to death, Her steps cleave to Hades. 6 She is far removed from entering the way of life, Her steps wander without her observing it. Wisdom and understanding increase with the age of those who earnestly seek after them. It is the father of the youth who here requests a willing ear to his wisdom of life, gained in the way of many years’ experience and observation.

In Pro 5:2 the inf . of the object is continued in the finitum , as in Pro 2:2, Pro 2:8. מזמּות ( vid . , on its etymon under Pro 1:4) are plans, projects, designs, for the most part in a bad sense, intrigues and artifices ( vid . , Pro 24:8), but also used of well-considered resolutions toward what is good, and hence of the purposes of God, Jer 23:20. This noble sense of the word מזמּה, with its plur.

, is peculiar to the introductory portion (chap. 1-9) of the Book of Proverbs. The plur. means here and at Pro 8:12 (placing itself with חכמות and תּבוּנות, vid . , p. 68) the reflection and deliberation which is the presupposition of well-considered action, and שׁמר is thus not otherwise than at Pro 19:8, and everywhere so meant, where it has that which is obligatory as its object: the youth is summoned to careful observation and persevering exemplification of the quidquid agas, prudenter agas et respice finem .

In 2b the Rebia Mugrash forbids the genitive connection of the two words דּעתו שׂפתיך; we translate: et ut scientiam labia tua tueantur . Lips which preserve knowledge are such as permit nothing to escape from them (Psa 17:3) which proceeds not from the knowledge of God, and in Him of that which is good and right, and aims at the working out of this knowledge; vid .

, Köhler on Mal 2:7. שׂפתיך (from שׂפה, Arab. shafat, edge, lip, properly that against which one rubs, and that which rubs itself) is fem. , but the usage of the language presents the word in two genders (cf. 3a with Pro 26:23). Regarding the pausal ינצרוּ for יצּרוּ, vid . , under Mal 3:1; Mal 2:11. The lips which distil the honey of enticement stand opposite to the lips which distil knowledge; the object of the admonition is to furnish a protection against the honey-lips.

Pro 5:1-6 Here a fourth rule of life follows the three already given, Pro 4:24, Pro 4:25, Pro 4:26-27 : 1 My son, attend unto my wisdom, And incline thine ear to my prudence, 2 To observe discretion, And that thy lips preserve knowledge. 3 For the lips of the adulteress distil honey, And smoother than oil is her mouth; 4 But her end is bitter like wormwood, Sharper than a two-edged sword.

5 Her feet go down to death, Her steps cleave to Hades. 6 She is far removed from entering the way of life, Her steps wander without her observing it. Wisdom and understanding increase with the age of those who earnestly seek after them. It is the father of the youth who here requests a willing ear to his wisdom of life, gained in the way of many years’ experience and observation.

In Pro 5:2 the inf . of the object is continued in the finitum , as in Pro 2:2, Pro 2:8. מזמּות ( vid . , on its etymon under Pro 1:4) are plans, projects, designs, for the most part in a bad sense, intrigues and artifices ( vid . , Pro 24:8), but also used of well-considered resolutions toward what is good, and hence of the purposes of God, Jer 23:20. This noble sense of the word מזמּה, with its plur.

, is peculiar to the introductory portion (chap. 1-9) of the Book of Proverbs. The plur. means here and at Pro 8:12 (placing itself with חכמות and תּבוּנות, vid . , p. 68) the reflection and deliberation which is the presupposition of well-considered action, and שׁמר is thus not otherwise than at Pro 19:8, and everywhere so meant, where it has that which is obligatory as its object: the youth is summoned to careful observation and persevering exemplification of the quidquid agas, prudenter agas et respice finem .

In 2b the Rebia Mugrash forbids the genitive connection of the two words דּעתו שׂפתיך; we translate: et ut scientiam labia tua tueantur . Lips which preserve knowledge are such as permit nothing to escape from them (Psa 17:3) which proceeds not from the knowledge of God, and in Him of that which is good and right, and aims at the working out of this knowledge; vid .

, Köhler on Mal 2:7. שׂפתיך (from שׂפה, Arab. shafat, edge, lip, properly that against which one rubs, and that which rubs itself) is fem. , but the usage of the language presents the word in two genders (cf. 3a with Pro 26:23). Regarding the pausal ינצרוּ for יצּרוּ, vid . , under Mal 3:1; Mal 2:11. The lips which distil the honey of enticement stand opposite to the lips which distil knowledge; the object of the admonition is to furnish a protection against the honey-lips.