Focused Passage

Exodus 21:12-27

Case Laws for Covenant Justice, Human Dignity, and Restitution

The chapter moves from laws regulating Hebrew servitude, to protections for female servants, to capital cases involving murder, violence against parents, kidnapping, and cursing parents, then to laws about bodily injury, slaves injured by masters, harm to pregnant women, proportional justice, injuries caused by animals, and restitution when negligence leads to harm.

Berean Standard Bible, Public Domain - Translation notes - Reference sources

12Whoever strikes and kills a man must surely be put to death.

13If, however, he did not lie in wait, but God allowed it to happen, then I will appoint for you a place where he may flee.

14But if a man schemes and acts willfully against his neighbor to kill him, you must take him away from My altar to be put to death.

15Whoever strikes his father or mother must surely be put to death.

16Whoever kidnaps another man must be put to death, whether he sells him or the man is found in his possession.

17Anyone who curses his father or mother must surely be put to death.

18If men are quarreling and one strikes the other with a stone or a fist, and he does not die but is confined to bed,

19then the one who struck him shall go unpunished, as long as the other can get up and walk around outside with his staff. Nevertheless, he must compensate the man for his lost work and see that he is completely healed.

20If a man strikes his manservant or maidservant with a rod, and the servant dies by his hand, he shall surely be punished.

21However, if the servant gets up after a day or two, the owner shall not be punished, since the servant is his property.

22If men who are fighting strike a pregnant woman and her child is born prematurely, but there is no further injury, he shall surely be fined as the woman’s husband demands and as the court allows.

23But if a serious injury results, then you must require a life for a life—

24eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot,

25burn for burn, wound for wound, and stripe for stripe.

26If a man strikes and blinds the eye of his manservant or maidservant, he must let the servant go free as compensation for the eye.

27And if he knocks out the tooth of his manservant or maidservant, he must let the servant go free as compensation for the tooth.

Study Helps

References and Original Words

Verse 12

Original words

Whoever strikesמַכֵּ֥הH5221Verb - Hifil - Participle - masculine singular constructand killsוָמֵ֖תH4191Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singulara manאִ֛ישׁH376Noun - masculine singularmust surely be put to deathמ֥וֹתH4191Verb - Qal - Infinitive absolute. . .יוּמָֽת׃H4191Verb - Hofal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular
Verse 13

Original words

If, howeverוַאֲשֶׁר֙H834Conjunctive waw | Pronoun - relativehe did notלֹ֣אH3808Adverb - Negative particlelie in waitצָדָ֔הH6658Verb - Qal - Perfect - third person masculine singularbut Godוְהָאֱלֹהִ֖יםH430Conjunctive waw, Article | Noun - masculine pluralallowed it to happenאִנָּ֣הH579Verb - Piel - Perfect - third person masculine singular. . .לְיָד֑וֹH3027Preposition-l | Noun - feminine singular construct | third person masculine singularthen I will appointוְשַׂמְתִּ֤יH7760Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - first person common singularfor youלְךָ֙Preposition | second person masculine singulara placeמָק֔וֹםH4725Noun - masculine singularwhereאֲשֶׁ֥רH834Pronoun - relativehe may fleeיָנ֖וּסH5127Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular. . .שָֽׁמָּה׃סH8033Adverb | third person feminine singular
Verse 14

Original words

But ifוְכִֽי־H3588Conjunctiona manאִ֛ישׁH376Noun - masculine singularschemesבְעָרְמָ֑הH6195Preposition-b | Noun - feminine singularand acts willfullyיָזִ֥דH2102Verb - Hifil - Imperfect - third person masculine singularagainstעַל־H5921Prepositionhis neighborרֵעֵ֖הוּH7453Noun - masculine singular construct | third person masculine singularto kill himלְהָרְג֣וֹH2026Preposition-l | Verb - Qal - Infinitive construct | third person masculine singularyou must take himתִּקָּחֶ֖נּוּH3947Verb - Qal - Imperfect - second person masculine singular | third person masculine singularaway fromמֵעִ֣םH5973Preposition-mMy altarמִזְבְּחִ֔יH4196Noun - masculine singular construct | first person common singularto be put to deathלָמֽוּת׃סH4191Preposition-l | Verb - Qal - Infinitive construct
Verse 15

Original words

Whoever strikesוּמַכֵּ֥הH5221Conjunctive waw | Verb - Hifil - Participle - masculine singular constructhis fatherאָבִ֛יוH1Noun - masculine singular construct | third person masculine singularor motherוְאִמּ֖וֹH517Conjunctive waw | Noun - feminine singular construct | third person masculine singularmust surely be put to deathמ֥וֹתH4191Verb - Qal - Infinitive absolute. . .יוּמָֽת׃H4191Verb - Hofal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular
Verse 16

Original words

Whoever kidnapsוְגֹנֵ֨בH1589Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine singularanother manאִ֧ישׁH376Noun - masculine singularmust be put to deathמ֥וֹתH4191Verb - Qal - Infinitive absolute. . .יוּמָֽת׃סH4191Verb - Hofal - Imperfect - third person masculine singularwhether he sells himוּמְכָר֛וֹH4376Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singular | third person masculine singularor the man is foundוְנִמְצָ֥אH4672Conjunctive waw | Verb - Nifal - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singularin his possessionבְיָד֖וֹH3027Preposition-b | Noun - feminine singular construct | third person masculine singular
Verse 17

Original words

Anyone who cursesוּמְקַלֵּ֥לH7043Conjunctive waw | Verb - Piel - Participle - masculine singularhis fatherאָבִ֛יוH1Noun - masculine singular construct | third person masculine singularor motherוְאִמּ֖וֹH517Conjunctive waw | Noun - feminine singular construct | third person masculine singularmust surely be put to deathמ֥וֹתH4191Verb - Qal - Infinitive absolute. . .יוּמָֽת׃סH4191Verb - Hofal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular

BSB notes

  • Or dishonors or reviles
  • Cited in Matthew 15:4 and Mark 7:10
Verse 18

Original words

Ifוְכִֽי־H3588Conjunctionmenאֲנָשִׁ֔יםH582Noun - masculine pluralare quarrelingיְרִיבֻ֣ןH7378Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine plural | Paragogic nunand oneאִישׁ֙H376Noun - masculine singular-אֶת־H853Direct object markerstrikesוְהִכָּה־H5221Conjunctive waw | Verb - Hifil - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singularthe otherרֵעֵ֔הוּH7453Noun - masculine singular construct | third person masculine singularwith a stoneבְּאֶ֖בֶןH68Preposition-b | Noun - feminine singularorא֣וֹH176Conjunctiona fistבְאֶגְרֹ֑ףH106Preposition-b | Noun - masculine singularand he does notוְלֹ֥אH3808Conjunctive waw | Adverb - Negative particledieיָמ֖וּתH4191Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singularbut is confinedוְנָפַ֥לH5307Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singularto bedלְמִשְׁכָּֽב׃H4904Preposition-l | Noun - masculine singular
Verse 19

Original words

then the one who struck himהַמַּכֶּ֑הH5221Article | Verb - Hifil - Participle - masculine singularshall go unpunishedוְנִקָּ֣הH5352Conjunctive waw | Verb - Nifal - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singularas long asאִם־H518Conjunctionthe other can get upיָק֞וּםH6965Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singularand walk aroundוְהִתְהַלֵּ֥ךְH1980Conjunctive waw | Verb - Hitpael - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singularoutsideבַּח֛וּץH2351Preposition-b, Article | Noun - masculine singularwithעַל־H5921Prepositionhis staffמִשְׁעַנְתּ֖וֹH4938Noun - feminine singular construct | third person masculine singularNeverthelessרַ֥קH7535Adverbhe must compensateיִתֵּ֖ןH5414Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singularthe man for his lost workשִׁבְתּ֛וֹH7674Adjective - feminine singular construct | third person masculine singularand see that he is completely healedוְרַפֹּ֥אH7495Conjunctive waw | Verb - Piel - Infinitive absolute. . .יְרַפֵּֽא׃סH7495Verb - Piel - Imperfect - third person masculine singular
Verse 20

Original words

Ifוְכִֽי־H3588Conjunctiona manאִ֨ישׁH376Noun - masculine singular-אֶת־H853Direct object markerstrikesיַכֶּה֩H5221Verb - Hifil - Imperfect - third person masculine singularhis manservantעַבְדּ֜וֹH5650Noun - masculine singular construct | third person masculine singularorא֤וֹH176Conjunction-אֶת־H853Direct object markermaidservantאֲמָתוֹ֙H519Noun - feminine singular construct | third person masculine singularwith a rodבַּשֵּׁ֔בֶטH7626Preposition-b, Article | Noun - masculine singularand the servant diesוּמֵ֖תH4191Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singularbyתַּ֣חַתH8478Prepositionhis handיָד֑וֹH3027Noun - feminine singular construct | third person masculine singularhe shall surely be punishedנָקֹ֖םH5358Verb - Qal - Infinitive absolute. . .יִנָּקֵֽם׃H5358Verb - Nifal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular
Verse 21

Original words

Howeverאַ֥ךְH389Adverbifאִם־H518Conjunction[the servant] gets upיַעֲמֹ֑דH5975Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singularafter a dayי֛וֹםH3117Noun - masculine singularorא֥וֹH176Conjunctiontwoיוֹמַ֖יִםH3117Noun - mdthe owner shall notלֹ֣אH3808Adverb - Negative particlebe punishedיֻקַּ֔םH5358Verb - QalPass - Imperfect - third person masculine singularsinceכִּ֥יH3588Conjunction[the servant is]הֽוּא׃סH1931Pronoun - third person masculine singularhis propertyכַסְפּ֖וֹH3701Noun - masculine singular construct | third person masculine singular
Verse 22

Original words

Ifוְכִֽי־H3588Conjunctionmenאֲנָשִׁ֗יםH582Noun - masculine pluralwho are fightingיִנָּצ֣וּH5327Verb - Nifal - Imperfect - third person masculine pluralstrikeוְנָ֨גְפ֜וּH5062Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person common plurala pregnantהָרָה֙H2030Adjective - feminine singularwomanאִשָּׁ֤הH802Noun - feminine singularand her childיְלָדֶ֔יהָH3206Noun - masculine plural construct | third person feminine singularis born prematurelyוְיָצְא֣וּH3318Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person common pluralbut there isיִהְיֶ֖הH1961Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singularno [further]וְלֹ֥אH3808Conjunctive waw | Adverb - Negative particleinjuryאָס֑וֹןH611Noun - masculine singularhe shall surely be finedעָנ֣וֹשׁH6064Verb - Qal - Infinitive absolute. . .יֵעָנֵ֗שׁH6064Verb - Nifal - Imperfect - third person masculine singularasכַּֽאֲשֶׁ֨רH834Preposition-k | Pronoun - relativethe woman’sהָֽאִשָּׁ֔הH802Article | Noun - feminine singularhusbandבַּ֣עַלH1167Noun - masculine singular constructdemandsיָשִׁ֤יתH7896Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular-עָלָיו֙H5921Preposition | third person masculine singularand as the court allowsוְנָתַ֖ןH5414Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singular. . .בִּפְלִלִֽים׃H6414Preposition-b | Noun - masculine plural

BSB notes

  • Literally and her children come out
Verse 23

Original words

But ifוְאִם־H518Conjunctiona serious injuryאָס֖וֹןH611Noun - masculine singularresultsיִהְיֶ֑הH1961Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singularthen you must requireוְנָתַתָּ֥הH5414Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - second person masculine singulara lifeנֶ֖פֶשׁH5315Noun - feminine singularforתַּ֥חַתH8478Prepositiona lifeנָֽפֶשׁ׃H5315Noun - feminine singular
Verse 24

Original words

eyeעַ֚יִןH5869Noun - common singularforתַּ֣חַתH8478Prepositioneyeעַ֔יִןH5869Noun - common singulartoothשֵׁ֖ןH8127Noun - common singularforתַּ֣חַתH8478Prepositiontoothשֵׁ֑ןH8127Noun - common singularhandיָ֚דH3027Noun - feminine singularforתַּ֣חַתH8478Prepositionhandיָ֔דH3027Noun - feminine singularfootרֶ֖גֶלH7272Noun - feminine singularforתַּ֥חַתH8478Prepositionfootרָֽגֶל׃H7272Noun - feminine singular

BSB notes

  • Cited in Matthew 5:38
Verse 25

Original words

burnכְּוִיָּה֙H3555Noun - feminine singularforתַּ֣חַתH8478Prepositionburnכְּוִיָּ֔הH3555Noun - feminine singularwoundפֶּ֖צַעH6482Noun - masculine singularforתַּ֣חַתH8478Prepositionwoundפָּ֑צַעH6482Noun - masculine singular[and] stripeחַבּוּרָ֕הH2250Noun - feminine singularforתַּ֖חַתH8478Prepositionstripeחַבּוּרָֽה׃סH2250Noun - feminine singular
Verse 26

Original words

Ifוְכִֽי־H3588Conjunctiona manאִ֜ישׁH376Noun - masculine singular-אֶת־H853Direct object markerstrikesיַכֶּ֨הH5221Verb - Hifil - Imperfect - third person masculine singularand blindsוְשִֽׁחֲתָ֑הּH7843Conjunctive waw | Verb - Piel - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singular | third person feminine singularthe eyeעֵ֥יןH5869Noun - common singular constructof his manservantעַבְדּ֛וֹH5650Noun - masculine singular construct | third person masculine singularorאֽוֹ־H176Conjunction-אֶת־H853Direct object markermaidservantאֲמָת֖וֹH519Noun - feminine singular construct | third person masculine singularhe must let the servant goיְשַׁלְּחֶ֖נּוּH7971Verb - Piel - Imperfect - third person masculine singular | third person masculine singularfreeלַֽחָפְשִׁ֥יH2670Preposition-l, Article | Adjective - masculine singularas compensation forתַּ֥חַתH8478Preposition. . .עֵינֽוֹ׃סH5869Noun - common singular construct | third person masculine singularthe eyeעֵ֥יןH5869Noun - common singular construct
Verse 27

Original words

And ifוְאִם־H518Conjunctionhe knocks outיַפִּ֑ילH5307Verb - Hifil - Imperfect - third person masculine singularthe toothשֵׁ֥ןH8127Noun - common singular constructof his manservantעַבְדּ֛וֹH5650Noun - masculine singular construct | third person masculine singularorאֽוֹ־H176Conjunctionmaidservantאֲמָת֖וֹH519Noun - feminine singular construct | third person masculine singularhe must let the servant goיְשַׁלְּחֶ֖נּוּH7971Verb - Piel - Imperfect - third person masculine singular | third person masculine singularfreeלַֽחָפְשִׁ֥יH2670Preposition-l, Article | Adjective - masculine singularas compensation forתַּ֥חַתH8478Preposition. . .שִׁנּֽוֹ׃פH8127Noun - common singular construct | third person masculine singularthe toothשֵׁ֥ןH8127Noun - common singular construct

Berean Standard Bible (BSB): CC0 Public Domain Scripture text. Focused passages are drawn from the same reader contract as the full chapter. Reference sources explains external study-link sources.