Focused Passage

Isaiah 1:21-31

The LORD’s Covenant Lawsuit Against a Rebellious People

The chapter moves from covenant indictment, to exposed corruption, to rejected worship, to gracious summons, to warning, to Zion’s promised purification and the destruction of rebels.

Berean Standard Bible, Public Domain - Translation notes - Reference sources

21 See how the faithful city has become a harlot! She once was full of justice; righteousness resided within her, but now only murderers!

22 Your silver has become dross; your fine wine is diluted with water.

23 Your rulers are rebels, friends of thieves. They all love bribes and chasing after rewards. They do not defend the fatherless, and the plea of the widow never comes before them.

24 Therefore the Lord GOD of Hosts, the Mighty One of Israel, declares: “Ah, I will be relieved of My foes and avenge Myself on My enemies.

25 I will turn My hand against you; I will thoroughly purge your dross; I will remove all your impurities.

26 I will restore your judges as at first, and your counselors as at the beginning. After that you will be called the City of Righteousness, the Faithful City.”

27 Zion will be redeemed with justice, her repentant ones with righteousness.

28 But rebels and sinners will together be shattered, and those who forsake the LORD will perish.

29 Surely you will be ashamed of the sacred oaks in which you have delighted; you will be embarrassed by the gardens that you have chosen.

30 For you will become like an oak whose leaves are withered, like a garden without water.

31 The strong man will become tinder and his work will be a spark; both will burn together, with no one to quench the flames.

Study Helps

References and Original Words

Verse 21

Original words

[See] how אֵיכָה֙ H349 Interjection the faithful נֶאֱמָנָ֑ה H539 Verb - Nifal - Participle - feminine singular . . . מְלֵאֲתִ֣י H4392 Adjective - feminine singular construct city קִרְיָ֖ה H7151 Noun - feminine singular has become הָיְתָ֣ה H1961 Verb - Qal - Perfect - third person feminine singular a harlot לְזוֹנָ֔ה H2181 Preposition-l | Noun - feminine singular She once was full of justice מִשְׁפָּ֗ט H4941 Noun - masculine singular righteousness צֶ֛דֶק H6664 Noun - masculine singular resided יָלִ֥ין H3885 Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular within her בָּ֖הּ Preposition | third person feminine singular but now only וְעַתָּ֥ה H6258 Conjunctive waw | Adverb murderers מְרַצְּחִֽים׃ H7523 Verb - Piel - Participle - masculine plural
Verse 22

Original words

Your silver כַּסְפֵּ֖ךְ H3701 Noun - masculine singular construct | second person feminine singular has become הָיָ֣ה H1961 Verb - Qal - Perfect - third person masculine singular dross לְסִיגִ֑ים H5509 Preposition-l | Noun - masculine plural your fine wine סָבְאֵ֖ךְ H5435 Noun - masculine singular construct | second person feminine singular is diluted מָה֥וּל H4107 Verb - Qal - QalPassParticiple - masculine singular with water בַּמָּֽיִם׃ H4325 Preposition-b, Article | Noun - masculine plural
Verse 23

Original words

Your rulers שָׂרַ֣יִךְ H8269 Noun - masculine plural construct | second person feminine singular are rebels סוֹרְרִ֗ים H5637 Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine plural friends וְחַבְרֵי֙ H2270 Conjunctive waw | Noun - masculine plural construct of thieves גַּנָּבִ֔ים H1590 Noun - masculine plural They all כֻּלּוֹ֙ H3605 Noun - masculine singular construct | third person masculine singular love אֹהֵ֣ב H157 Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine singular bribes שֹׁ֔חַד H7810 Noun - masculine singular and chasing after וְרֹדֵ֖ף H7291 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine singular rewards שַׁלְמֹנִ֑ים H8021 Noun - masculine plural They do not לֹ֣א H3808 Adverb - Negative particle defend יִשְׁפֹּ֔טוּ H8199 Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine plural the fatherless יָתוֹם֙ H3490 Noun - masculine singular and the plea וְרִ֥יב H7379 Conjunctive waw | Noun - masculine singular construct of the widow אַלְמָנָ֖ה H490 Noun - feminine singular never לֹֽא־ H3808 Adverb - Negative particle comes יָב֥וֹא H935 Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular before them אֲלֵיהֶֽם׃פ H413 Preposition | third person masculine plural
Verse 24

Original words

Therefore לָכֵ֗ן H3651 Adverb the Lord הָֽאָדוֹן֙ H113 Article | Noun - masculine singular GOD יְהוָ֣ה H3068 Noun - proper - masculine singular of Hosts צְבָא֔וֹת H6635 Noun - common plural the Mighty אֲבִ֖יר H46 Noun - masculine singular construct One of Israel יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל H3478 Noun - proper - masculine singular declares נְאֻ֤ם H5002 Noun - masculine singular construct Ah ה֚וֹי H1945 Interjection I will be relieved אֶנָּחֵ֣ם H5162 Verb - Nifal - Imperfect Cohortative if contextual - first person common singular of My foes מִצָּרַ֔י H6862 Preposition-m | Noun - masculine plural construct | first person common singular and avenge Myself וְאִנָּקְמָ֖ה H5358 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Nifal - Conjunctive imperfect Cohortative - first person common singular on My enemies מֵאוֹיְבָֽי׃ H341 Preposition-m | Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine plural construct | first person common singular
Verse 25

Original words

I will turn וְאָשִׁ֤יבָה H7725 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Hifil - Conjunctive imperfect Cohortative - first person common singular My hand יָדִי֙ H3027 Noun - feminine singular construct | first person common singular against you עָלַ֔יִךְ H5921 Preposition | second person feminine singular I will thoroughly purge וְאֶצְרֹ֥ף H6884 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive imperfect Cohortative if contextual - first person common singular . . . כַּבֹּ֖ר H1253 Preposition-k, Article | Noun - masculine singular your dross סִיגָ֑יִךְ H5509 Noun - masculine plural construct | second person feminine singular I will remove וְאָסִ֖ירָה H5493 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Hifil - Conjunctive imperfect Cohortative - first person common singular all כָּל־ H3605 Noun - masculine singular construct your impurities בְּדִילָֽיִךְ׃ H913 Noun - masculine plural construct | second person feminine singular
Verse 26

Original words

I will restore וְאָשִׁ֤יבָה H7725 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Hifil - Conjunctive imperfect Cohortative - first person common singular your judges שֹׁפְטַ֙יִךְ֙ H8199 Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine plural construct | second person feminine singular as at first כְּבָרִ֣אשֹׁנָ֔ה H7223 Preposition-k, Preposition-b, Article | Adjective - feminine singular and your counselors וְיֹעֲצַ֖יִךְ H3289 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine plural construct | second person feminine singular as at the beginning כְּבַתְּחִלָּ֑ה H8462 Preposition-k, Preposition-b, Article | Noun - feminine singular After that אַחֲרֵי־ H310 Preposition . . . כֵ֗ן H3651 Adverb you will be called יִקָּ֤רֵא H7121 Verb - Nifal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular the City עִ֣יר H5892 Noun - feminine singular construct of Righteousness הַצֶּ֔דֶק H6664 Article | Noun - masculine singular the Faithful נֶאֱמָנָֽה׃ H539 Verb - Nifal - Participle - feminine singular City קִרְיָ֖ה H7151 Noun - feminine singular
Verse 27

Original words

Zion צִיּ֖וֹן H6726 Noun - proper - feminine singular will be redeemed תִּפָּדֶ֑ה H6299 Verb - Nifal - Imperfect - third person feminine singular with justice בְּמִשְׁפָּ֣ט H4941 Preposition-b | Noun - masculine singular her repentant ones וְשָׁבֶ֖יהָ H7725 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine plural construct | third person feminine singular with righteousness בִּצְדָקָֽה׃ H6666 Preposition-b | Noun - feminine singular
Verse 28

Original words

But rebels פֹּשְׁעִ֛ים H6586 Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine plural and sinners וְחַטָּאִ֖ים H2400 Conjunctive waw | Adjective - masculine plural will together יַחְדָּ֑ו H3162 Adverb be shattered וְשֶׁ֧בֶר H7667 Conjunctive waw | Noun - masculine singular construct and those who forsake וְעֹזְבֵ֥י H5800 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine plural construct the LORD יְהוָ֖ה H3068 Noun - proper - masculine singular will perish יִכְלֽוּ׃ H3615 Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine plural
Verse 29

Original words

Surely כִּ֣י H3588 Conjunction you will be ashamed יֵבֹ֔שׁוּ H954 Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine plural of the sacred oaks מֵאֵילִ֖ים H352 Preposition-m | Noun - masculine plural - אֲשֶׁ֣ר H834 Pronoun - relative in which you have delighted חֲמַדְתֶּ֑ם H2530 Verb - Qal - Perfect - second person masculine plural you will be embarrassed וְתַ֨חְפְּר֔וּ H2659 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive imperfect - second person masculine plural by the gardens מֵהַגַּנּ֖וֹת H1593 Preposition-m, Article | Noun - feminine plural that אֲשֶׁ֥ר H834 Pronoun - relative you have chosen בְּחַרְתֶּֽם׃ H977 Verb - Qal - Perfect - second person masculine plural
Verse 30

Original words

For כִּ֣י H3588 Conjunction you will become תִֽהְי֔וּ H1961 Verb - Qal - Imperfect - second person masculine plural like an oak כְּאֵלָ֖ה H424 Preposition-k | Noun - feminine singular whose leaves עָלֶ֑הָ H5929 Noun - masculine singular construct | third person feminine singular are withered נֹבֶ֣לֶת H5034 Verb - Qal - Participle - feminine singular construct like a garden וּֽכְגַנָּ֔ה H1593 Conjunctive waw, Preposition-k | Noun - feminine singular - אֲשֶׁר־ H834 Pronoun - relative without אֵ֥ין H369 Adverb water מַ֖יִם H4325 Noun - masculine plural
Verse 31

Original words

The strong man הֶחָסֹן֙ H2634 Article | Adjective - masculine singular will become וְהָיָ֤ה H1961 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singular tinder לִנְעֹ֔רֶת H5296 Preposition-l | Noun - feminine singular and his work וּפֹעֲל֖וֹ H6467 Conjunctive waw | Noun - masculine singular construct | third person masculine singular [will be] a spark לְנִיצ֑וֹץ H5213 Preposition-l | Noun - masculine singular both שְׁנֵיהֶ֛ם H8147 Number - masculine dual construct | third person masculine plural will burn וּבָעֲר֧וּ H1197 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person common plural together יַחְדָּ֖ו H3162 Adverb with no one וְאֵ֥ין H369 Conjunctive waw | Adverb to quench the flames מְכַבֶּֽה׃ס H3518 Verb - Piel - Participle - masculine singular

Berean Standard Bible (BSB): CC0 Public Domain Scripture text. Focused passages are drawn from the same reader contract as the full chapter. Reference sources explains external study-link sources.