Focused Passage

Romans 1:18-32

The Gospel Reveals the Righteousness of God and the Wrath of God

Paul moves from the gospel promised and revealed in Christ, to his mission to proclaim it among the nations, to the dark necessity of that gospel because humanity suppresses God's revealed truth and stands under divine wrath.

Berean Standard Bible, Public Domain - Translation notes - Reference sources

18 The wrath of God is being revealed from heaven against all the godlessness and wickedness of men who suppress the truth by their wickedness.

19 For what may be known about God is plain to them, because God has made it plain to them.

20 For since the creation of the world God’s invisible qualities, His eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly seen, being understood from His workmanship, so that men are without excuse.

21 For although they knew God, they neither glorified Him as God nor gave thanks to Him, but they became futile in their thinking and darkened in their foolish hearts.

22 Although they claimed to be wise, they became fools,

23 and exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images of mortal man and birds and animals and reptiles.

24 Therefore God gave them over in the desires of their hearts to impurity for the dishonoring of their bodies with one another.

25 They exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is forever worthy of praise! Amen.

26 For this reason God gave them over to dishonorable passions. Even their women exchanged natural relations for unnatural ones.

27 Likewise, the men abandoned natural relations with women and burned with lust for one another. Men committed indecent acts with other men and received in themselves the due penalty for their error.

28 Furthermore, since they did not see fit to acknowledge God, He gave them up to a depraved mind, to do what ought not to be done.

29 They have become filled with every kind of wickedness, evil, greed, and depravity. They are full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, and malice. They are gossips,

30 slanderers, God-haters, insolent, arrogant, and boastful. They invent new forms of evil; they disobey their parents.

31 They are senseless, faithless, heartless, merciless.

32 Although they know God’s righteous decree that those who do such things are worthy of death, they not only continue to do these things, but also approve of those who practice them.

Study Helps

References and Original Words

Verse 18

Original words

- γὰρ G1063 Conjunction [The] wrath ὀργὴ G3709 Noun - Nominative Feminine Singular of God Θεοῦ G2316 Noun - Genitive Masculine Singular is being revealed Ἀποκαλύπτεται G601 Verb - Present Indicative Middle or Passive - 3rd Person Singular from ἀπ’ G575 Preposition heaven οὐρανοῦ G3772 Noun - Genitive Masculine Singular against ἐπὶ G1909 Preposition all πᾶσαν G3956 Adjective - Accusative Feminine Singular [the] godlessness ἀσέβειαν G763 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular and καὶ G2532 Conjunction wickedness ἀδικίαν G93 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular of men ἀνθρώπων G444 Noun - Genitive Masculine Plural who τῶν G3588 Article - Genitive Masculine Plural suppress κατεχόντων G2722 Verb - Present Participle Active - Genitive Masculine Plural the τὴν G3588 Article - Accusative Feminine Singular truth ἀλήθειαν G225 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular by ἐν G1722 Preposition [their] wickedness ἀδικίᾳ G93 Noun - Dative Feminine Singular
Verse 19

Original words

For διότι G1360 Conjunction [what may be] τὸ G3588 Article - Nominative Neuter Singular known γνωστὸν G1110 Adjective - Nominative Neuter Singular - τοῦ G3588 Article - Genitive Masculine Singular [about] God Θεοῦ G2316 Noun - Genitive Masculine Singular is ἐστιν G1510 Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular plain φανερόν G5318 Adjective - Nominative Neuter Singular to ἐν G1722 Preposition them αὐτοῖς G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Dative Masculine 3rd Person Plural because γὰρ G1063 Conjunction - G3588 Article - Nominative Masculine Singular God θεὸς G2316 Noun - Nominative Masculine Singular has made [it] plain ἐφανέρωσεν G5319 Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular to them αὐτοῖς G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Dative Masculine 3rd Person Plural
Verse 20

Original words

For γὰρ G1063 Conjunction since ἀπὸ G575 Preposition [the] creation κτίσεως G2937 Noun - Genitive Feminine Singular of [the] world κόσμου G2889 Noun - Genitive Masculine Singular [God’s] αὐτοῦ G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive Masculine 3rd Person Singular - τὰ G3588 Article - Nominative Neuter Plural invisible qualities ἀόρατα G517 Adjective - Nominative Neuter Plural - τε G5037 Conjunction - G3588 Article - Nominative Feminine Singular His αὐτοῦ G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive Masculine 3rd Person Singular eternal ἀΐδιος G126 Adjective - Nominative Feminine Singular power δύναμις G1411 Noun - Nominative Feminine Singular and καὶ G2532 Conjunction divine nature θειότης G2305 Noun - Nominative Feminine Singular have been clearly seen καθορᾶται G2529 Verb - Present Indicative Middle or Passive - 3rd Person Singular being understood νοούμενα G3539 Verb - Present Participle Middle or Passive - Nominative Neuter Plural from τοῖς G3588 Article - Dative Neuter Plural His workmanship ποιήμασιν G4161 Noun - Dative Neuter Plural so that εἰς G1519 Preposition [men] αὐτοὺς G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Accusative Masculine 3rd Person Plural - τὸ G3588 Article - Accusative Neuter Singular are εἶναι G1510 Verb - Present Infinitive Active without excuse ἀναπολογήτους G379 Adjective - Accusative Masculine Plural
Verse 21

Original words

For Διότι G1360 Conjunction although they knew γνόντες G1097 Verb - Aorist Participle Active - Nominative Masculine Plural - τὸν G3588 Article - Accusative Masculine Singular God Θεὸν G2316 Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular they neither glorified [Him] ἐδόξασαν G1392 Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Plural . . . οὐχ G3756 Adverb as ὡς G5613 Adverb God Θεὸν G2316 Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular [nor] G2228 Conjunction gave thanks [to Him] ηὐχαρίστησαν G2168 Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Plural but ἀλλὰ G235 Conjunction they became futile ἐματαιώθησαν G3154 Verb - Aorist Indicative Passive - 3rd Person Plural in ἐν G1722 Preposition their αὐτῶν G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive Masculine 3rd Person Plural - τοῖς G3588 Article - Dative Masculine Plural thinking διαλογισμοῖς G1261 Noun - Dative Masculine Plural and καὶ G2532 Conjunction darkened ἐσκοτίσθη G4654 Verb - Aorist Indicative Passive - 3rd Person Singular in their αὐτῶν G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive Masculine 3rd Person Plural - G3588 Article - Nominative Feminine Singular foolish ἀσύνετος G801 Adjective - Nominative Feminine Singular hearts καρδία G2588 Noun - Nominative Feminine Singular
Verse 22

Original words

Although they claimed φάσκοντες G5335 Verb - Present Participle Active - Nominative Masculine Plural to be εἶναι G1510 Verb - Present Infinitive Active wise σοφοὶ G4680 Adjective - Nominative Masculine Plural they became fools ἐμωράνθησαν G3471 Verb - Aorist Indicative Passive - 3rd Person Plural
Verse 23

Original words

and καὶ G2532 Conjunction exchanged ἤλλαξαν G236 Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Plural the τὴν G3588 Article - Accusative Feminine Singular glory δόξαν G1391 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular of the τοῦ G3588 Article - Genitive Masculine Singular immortal ἀφθάρτου G862 Adjective - Genitive Masculine Singular God Θεοῦ G2316 Noun - Genitive Masculine Singular for ἐν G1722 Preposition vvv ὁμοιώματι G3667 Noun - Dative Neuter Singular images εἰκόνος G1504 Noun - Genitive Feminine Singular of mortal φθαρτοῦ G5349 Adjective - Genitive Masculine Singular man ἀνθρώπου G444 Noun - Genitive Masculine Singular and καὶ G2532 Conjunction birds πετεινῶν G4071 Noun - Genitive Neuter Plural and καὶ G2532 Conjunction animals τετραπόδων G5074 Adjective - Genitive Neuter Plural and καὶ G2532 Conjunction reptiles ἑρπετῶν G2062 Noun - Genitive Neuter Plural
Verse 24

Original words

Therefore Διὸ G1352 Conjunction - G3588 Article - Nominative Masculine Singular God Θεὸς G2316 Noun - Nominative Masculine Singular gave them over παρέδωκεν G3860 Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular . . . αὐτοὺς G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Accusative Masculine 3rd Person Plural in ἐν G1722 Preposition the ταῖς G3588 Article - Dative Feminine Plural desires ἐπιθυμίαις G1939 Noun - Dative Feminine Plural of τῶν G3588 Article - Genitive Feminine Plural their αὐτῶν G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive Masculine 3rd Person Plural hearts καρδιῶν G2588 Noun - Genitive Feminine Plural to εἰς G1519 Preposition impurity ἀκαθαρσίαν G167 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular for the τοῦ G3588 Article - Genitive Neuter Singular dishonoring ἀτιμάζεσθαι G818 Verb - Present Infinitive Middle or Passive of their αὐτῶν G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive Masculine 3rd Person Plural - τὰ G3588 Article - Accusative Neuter Plural bodies σώματα G4983 Noun - Accusative Neuter Plural with ἐν G1722 Preposition [one another] αὐτοῖς G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Dative Masculine 3rd Person Plural
Verse 25

Original words

[They] οἵτινες G3748 Personal / Relative Pronoun - Nominative Masculine Plural exchanged μετήλλαξαν G3337 Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Plural the τὴν G3588 Article - Accusative Feminine Singular truth ἀλήθειαν G225 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular - τοῦ G3588 Article - Genitive Masculine Singular of God Θεοῦ G2316 Noun - Genitive Masculine Singular for ἐν G1722 Preposition - τῷ G3588 Article - Dative Neuter Singular a lie ψεύδει G5579 Noun - Dative Neuter Singular and καὶ G2532 Conjunction worshiped ἐσεβάσθησαν G4573 Verb - Aorist Indicative Passive - 3rd Person Plural and καὶ G2532 Conjunction served ἐλάτρευσαν G3000 Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Plural the τῇ G3588 Article - Dative Feminine Singular creature κτίσει G2937 Noun - Dative Feminine Singular rather than παρὰ G3844 Preposition the τὸν G3588 Article - Accusative Masculine Singular Creator Κτίσαντα G2936 Verb - Aorist Participle Active - Accusative Masculine Singular who ὅς G3739 Personal / Relative Pronoun - Nominative Masculine Singular is ἐστιν G1510 Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular vvv εἰς G1519 Preposition vvv τοὺς G3588 Article - Accusative Masculine Plural forever αἰῶνας G165 Noun - Accusative Masculine Plural worthy of praise εὐλογητὸς G2128 Adjective - Nominative Masculine Singular Amen ἀμήν G281 Hebrew Word

BSB notes

  • Or forever blessed
Verse 26

Original words

For this reason Διὰ G1223 Preposition . . . τοῦτο G3778 Demonstrative Pronoun - Accusative Neuter Singular - G3588 Article - Nominative Masculine Singular God Θεὸς G2316 Noun - Nominative Masculine Singular gave them over παρέδωκεν G3860 Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular . . . αὐτοὺς G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Accusative Masculine 3rd Person Plural to εἰς G1519 Preposition dishonorable ἀτιμίας G819 Noun - Genitive Feminine Singular passions πάθη G3806 Noun - Accusative Neuter Plural Even τε G5037 Conjunction - γὰρ G1063 Conjunction their αὐτῶν G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive Masculine 3rd Person Plural - αἵ G3588 Article - Nominative Feminine Plural women θήλειαι G2338 Adjective - Nominative Feminine Plural exchanged μετήλλαξαν G3337 Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Plural - τὴν G3588 Article - Accusative Feminine Singular natural φυσικὴν G5446 Adjective - Accusative Feminine Singular relations χρῆσιν G5540 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular for εἰς G1519 Preposition vvv παρὰ G3844 Preposition unnatural φύσιν G5449 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular [ones] τὴν G3588 Article - Accusative Feminine Singular
Verse 27

Original words

- τε G5037 Conjunction Likewise ὁμοίως G3668 Adverb the οἱ G3588 Article - Nominative Masculine Plural men ἄρσενες G730 Noun - Nominative Masculine Plural - καὶ G2532 Conjunction abandoned ἀφέντες G863 Verb - Aorist Participle Active - Nominative Masculine Plural - τὴν G3588 Article - Accusative Feminine Singular natural φυσικὴν G5446 Adjective - Accusative Feminine Singular relations χρῆσιν G5540 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular with τῆς G3588 Article - Genitive Feminine Singular women θηλείας G2338 Adjective - Genitive Feminine Singular [and] burned ἐξεκαύθησαν G1572 Verb - Aorist Indicative Passive - 3rd Person Plural with ἐν G1722 Preposition - αὐτῶν G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive Masculine 3rd Person Plural - τῇ G3588 Article - Dative Feminine Singular lust ὀρέξει G3715 Noun - Dative Feminine Singular for εἰς G1519 Preposition one another ἀλλήλους G240 Personal / Reciprocal Pronoun - Accusative Masculine Plural Men ἄρσενες G730 Noun - Nominative Masculine Plural committed κατεργαζόμενοι G2716 Verb - Present Participle Middle or Passive - Nominative Masculine Plural - τὴν G3588 Article - Accusative Feminine Singular indecent [acts] ἀσχημοσύνην G808 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular with ἐν G1722 Preposition [other] men ἄρσεσιν G730 Noun - Dative Masculine Plural and καὶ G2532 Conjunction received ἀπολαμβάνοντες G618 Verb - Present Participle Active - Nominative Masculine Plural in ἐν G1722 Preposition themselves ἑαυτοῖς G1438 Reflexive Pronoun - Dative Masculine 3rd Person Plural the τὴν G3588 Article - Accusative Feminine Singular due ἔδει G1163 Verb - Imperfect Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular penalty ἀντιμισθίαν G489 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular - ἣν G3739 Personal / Relative Pronoun - Accusative Feminine Singular for τῆς G3588 Article - Genitive Feminine Singular their αὐτῶν G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive Masculine 3rd Person Plural error πλάνης G4106 Noun - Genitive Feminine Singular
Verse 28

Original words

Furthermore Καὶ G2532 Conjunction since καθὼς G2531 Adverb vvv οὐκ G3756 Adverb they did not see fit ἐδοκίμασαν G1381 Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Plural to acknowledge ἔχειν G2192 Verb - Present Infinitive Active . . . ἐν G1722 Preposition . . . ἐπιγνώσει G1922 Noun - Dative Feminine Singular - τὸν G3588 Article - Accusative Masculine Singular God Θεὸν G2316 Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular - G3588 Article - Nominative Masculine Singular [He] Θεὸς G2316 Noun - Nominative Masculine Singular gave them up παρέδωκεν G3860 Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular . . . αὐτοὺς G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Accusative Masculine 3rd Person Plural to εἰς G1519 Preposition a depraved ἀδόκιμον G96 Adjective - Accusative Masculine Singular mind νοῦν G3563 Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular to do ποιεῖν G4160 Verb - Present Infinitive Active what τὰ G3588 Article - Accusative Neuter Plural vvv μὴ G3361 Adverb ought not to be done καθήκοντα G2520 Verb - Present Participle Active - Accusative Neuter Plural
Verse 29

Original words

They have become filled with πεπληρωμένους G4137 Verb - Perfect Participle Middle or Passive - Accusative Masculine Plural every kind of πάσῃ G3956 Adjective - Dative Feminine Singular wickedness ἀδικίᾳ G93 Noun - Dative Feminine Singular evil πονηρίᾳ G4189 Noun - Dative Feminine Singular greed πλεονεξίᾳ G4124 Noun - Dative Feminine Singular [and] depravity κακίᾳ G2549 Noun - Dative Feminine Singular [They are] full μεστοὺς G3324 Adjective - Accusative Masculine Plural of envy φθόνου G5355 Noun - Genitive Masculine Singular murder φόνου G5408 Noun - Genitive Masculine Singular strife ἔριδος G2054 Noun - Genitive Feminine Singular deceit δόλου G1388 Noun - Genitive Masculine Singular [and] malice κακοηθείας G2550 Noun - Genitive Feminine Singular [They are] gossips ψιθυριστάς G5588 Noun - Accusative Masculine Plural
Verse 30

Original words

slanderers καταλάλους G2637 Adjective - Accusative Masculine Plural God-haters θεοστυγεῖς G2319 Adjective - Accusative Masculine Plural insolent ὑβριστάς G5197 Noun - Accusative Masculine Plural arrogant ὑπερηφάνους G5244 Adjective - Accusative Masculine Plural [and] boastful ἀλαζόνας G213 Noun - Accusative Masculine Plural [They] invent ἐφευρετὰς G2182 Noun - Accusative Masculine Plural [new] forms of evil κακῶν G2556 Adjective - Genitive Neuter Plural they disobey ἀπειθεῖς G545 Adjective - Accusative Masculine Plural [their] parents γονεῦσιν G1118 Noun - Dative Masculine Plural
Verse 31

Original words

[They are] senseless ἀσυνέτους G801 Adjective - Accusative Masculine Plural faithless ἀσυνθέτους G802 Adjective - Accusative Masculine Plural heartless ἀστόργους G794 Adjective - Accusative Masculine Plural merciless ἀνελεήμονας G415 Adjective - Accusative Masculine Plural
Verse 32

Original words

[Although they] οἵτινες G3748 Personal / Relative Pronoun - Nominative Masculine Plural know ἐπιγνόντες G1921 Verb - Aorist Participle Active - Nominative Masculine Plural - τὸ G3588 Article - Accusative Neuter Singular - τοῦ G3588 Article - Genitive Masculine Singular God’s Θεοῦ G2316 Noun - Genitive Masculine Singular righteous decree δικαίωμα G1345 Noun - Accusative Neuter Singular that ὅτι G3754 Conjunction those who οἱ G3588 Article - Nominative Masculine Plural do πράσσοντες G4238 Verb - Present Participle Active - Nominative Masculine Plural such τὰ G3588 Article - Accusative Neuter Plural things τοιαῦτα G5108 Demonstrative Pronoun - Accusative Neuter Plural are εἰσίν G1510 Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person Plural worthy ἄξιοι G514 Adjective - Nominative Masculine Plural of death θανάτου G2288 Noun - Genitive Masculine Singular {they} not οὐ G3756 Adverb only μόνον G3440 Adverb continue to do ποιοῦσιν G4160 Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person Plural these things αὐτὰ G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Accusative Neuter 3rd Person Plural but ἀλλὰ G235 Conjunction also καὶ G2532 Conjunction approve of συνευδοκοῦσιν G4909 Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person Plural those who τοῖς G3588 Article - Dative Masculine Plural practice [them] πράσσουσιν G4238 Verb - Present Participle Active - Dative Masculine Plural

Berean Standard Bible (BSB): CC0 Public Domain Scripture text. Focused passages are drawn from the same reader contract as the full chapter. Reference sources explains external study-link sources.