Focused Passage

Romans 9:14-29

God’s Faithfulness, Sovereign Mercy, and Israel’s Stumbling Over Christ

Paul moves from anguished love for Israel, to Israel's covenant privileges, to the defense of God's unfailing word through promise and election, to God's sovereign mercy and hardening, to the potter's authority over vessels, to Gentile inclusion and remnant salvation, and finally to Israel's stumbling over Christ because they pursued righteousness by works rather than by faith.

Berean Standard Bible, Public Domain - Translation notes - Reference sources

14 What then shall we say? Is God unjust? Certainly not!

15 For He says to Moses: “I will have mercy on whom I have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I have compassion.”

16 So then, it does not depend on man’s desire or effort, but on God’s mercy.

17 For the Scripture says to Pharaoh: “I raised you up for this very purpose, that I might display My power in you, and that My name might be proclaimed in all the earth.”

18 Therefore God has mercy on whom He wants to have mercy, and He hardens whom He wants to harden.

19 One of you will say to me, “Then why does God still find fault? For who can resist His will?”

20 But who are you, O man, to talk back to God? Shall what is formed say to Him who formed it, “Why did You make me like this?”

21 Does not the potter have the right to make from the same lump of clay one vessel for special occasions and another for common use?

22 What if God, intending to show His wrath and make His power known, bore with great patience the vessels of His wrath, prepared for destruction?

23 What if He did this to make the riches of His glory known to the vessels of His mercy, whom He prepared in advance for glory—

24 including us, whom He has called not only from the Jews, but also from the Gentiles?

25 As He says in Hosea: “I will call them ‘My People’ who are not My people, and I will call her ‘My Beloved’ who is not My beloved,”

26 and, “It will happen that in the very place where it was said to them, ‘You are not My people,’ they will be called ‘sons of the living God.’”

27 Isaiah cries out concerning Israel: “Though the number of the Israelites is like the sand of the sea, only the remnant will be saved.

28 For the Lord will carry out His sentence on the earth thoroughly and decisively.”

29 It is just as Isaiah foretold: “Unless the Lord of Hosts had left us descendants, we would have become like Sodom, we would have resembled Gomorrah.”

Study Helps

References and Original Words

Verse 14

Original words

What Τί G5101 Interrogative / Indefinite Pronoun - Accusative Neuter Singular then οὖν G3767 Conjunction shall we say ἐροῦμεν G2046 Verb - Future Indicative Active - 1st Person Plural [Is] μὴ G3361 Adverb - παρὰ G3844 Preposition - τῷ G3588 Article - Dative Masculine Singular God θεῷ G2316 Noun - Dative Masculine Singular unjust ἀδικία G93 Noun - Nominative Feminine Singular vvv μὴ G3361 Adverb Certainly not γένοιτο G1096 Verb - Aorist Optative Middle - 3rd Person Singular
Verse 15

Original words

For γὰρ G1063 Conjunction He says λέγει G3004 Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular to τῷ G3588 Article - Dative Masculine Singular Moses Μωϋσεῖ G3475 Noun - Dative Masculine Singular I will have mercy on Ἐλεήσω G1653 Verb - Future Indicative Active - 1st Person Singular whom ὃν G3739 Personal / Relative Pronoun - Accusative Masculine Singular vvv ἂν G302 Particle I have mercy ἐλεῶ G1653 Verb - Present Subjunctive Active - 1st Person Singular and καὶ G2532 Conjunction I will have compassion on οἰκτιρήσω* G3627 Verb - Future Indicative Active - 1st Person Singular whom ὃν G3739 Personal / Relative Pronoun - Accusative Masculine Singular vvv ἂν G302 Particle I have compassion οἰκτίρω* G3627 Verb - Present Subjunctive Active - 1st Person Singular

BSB notes

  • Exodus 33:19
Verse 16

Original words

So Ἄρα G686 Conjunction then οὖν G3767 Conjunction [it does] not [depend] οὐ G3756 Adverb on man’s τοῦ G3588 Article - Genitive Masculine Singular desire θέλοντος G2309 Verb - Present Participle Active - Genitive Masculine Singular [or] οὐδὲ G3761 Conjunction - τοῦ G3588 Article - Genitive Masculine Singular effort τρέχοντος G5143 Verb - Present Participle Active - Genitive Masculine Singular but ἀλλὰ G235 Conjunction on τοῦ G3588 Article - Genitive Masculine Singular God’s Θεοῦ G2316 Noun - Genitive Masculine Singular mercy ἐλεῶντος G1653 Verb - Present Participle Active - Genitive Masculine Singular
Verse 17

Original words

For γὰρ G1063 Conjunction the G3588 Article - Nominative Feminine Singular Scripture γραφὴ G1124 Noun - Nominative Feminine Singular says λέγει G3004 Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular to τῷ G3588 Article - Dative Masculine Singular Pharaoh Φαραὼ G5328 Noun - Dative Masculine Singular - ὅτι G3754 Conjunction I raised you up ἐξήγειρά G1825 Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 1st Person Singular . . . σε G4771 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Accusative 2nd Person Singular for Εἰς G1519 Preposition this very αὐτὸ G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Accusative Neuter 3rd Person Singular [purpose] τοῦτο G3778 Demonstrative Pronoun - Accusative Neuter Singular that ὅπως G3704 Conjunction I might display ἐνδείξωμαι G1731 Verb - Aorist Subjunctive Middle - 1st Person Singular My μου G1473 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singular - τὴν G3588 Article - Accusative Feminine Singular power δύναμίν G1411 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular in ἐν G1722 Preposition you σοὶ G4771 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Dative 2nd Person Singular and καὶ G2532 Conjunction that ὅπως G3704 Conjunction My μου G1473 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singular - τὸ G3588 Article - Accusative Neuter Singular name ὄνομά G3686 Noun - Accusative Neuter Singular might be proclaimed διαγγελῇ G1229 Verb - Aorist Subjunctive Passive - 3rd Person Singular in ἐν G1722 Preposition all πάσῃ G3956 Adjective - Dative Feminine Singular the τῇ G3588 Article - Dative Feminine Singular earth γῇ G1093 Noun - Dative Feminine Singular

BSB notes

  • Exodus 9:16 (see also LXX)
Verse 18

Original words

Therefore ἄρα G686 Conjunction . . . οὖν G3767 Conjunction [God] has mercy ἐλεεῖ G1653 Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular on whom ὃν G3739 Personal / Relative Pronoun - Accusative Masculine Singular He wants [to have mercy ] θέλει G2309 Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular and δὲ G1161 Conjunction He hardens σκληρύνει G4645 Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular whom ὃν G3739 Personal / Relative Pronoun - Accusative Masculine Singular He wants [ to harden ] θέλει G2309 Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular
Verse 19

Original words

- οὖν G3767 Conjunction One of you will say Ἐρεῖς G2046 Verb - Future Indicative Active - 2nd Person Singular to me μοι G1473 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Dative 1st Person Singular Then οὖν G3767 Conjunction why Τί G5101 Interrogative / Indefinite Pronoun - Accusative Neuter Singular vvv ἔτι G2089 Adverb does [God] still find fault μέμφεται G3201 Verb - Present Indicative Middle or Passive - 3rd Person Singular For γὰρ G1063 Conjunction who τίς G5101 Interrogative / Indefinite Pronoun - Nominative Masculine Singular can resist ἀνθέστηκεν G436 Verb - Perfect Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular His αὐτοῦ G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive Masculine 3rd Person Singular - τῷ G3588 Article - Dative Neuter Singular will βουλήματι G1013 Noun - Dative Neuter Singular
Verse 20

Original words

But μενοῦνγε G3304 Particle who τίς G5101 Interrogative / Indefinite Pronoun - Nominative Masculine Singular are you εἶ G1510 Verb - Present Indicative Active - 2nd Person Singular O G5599 Interjection man ἄνθρωπε G444 Noun - Vocative Masculine Singular - σὺ G4771 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Nominative 2nd Person Singular - G3588 Article - Nominative Masculine Singular to talk back ἀνταποκρινόμενος G470 Verb - Present Participle Middle or Passive - Nominative Masculine Singular - τῷ G3588 Article - Dative Masculine Singular to God Θεῷ G2316 Noun - Dative Masculine Singular [Shall] μὴ G3361 Adverb what τὸ G3588 Article - Nominative Neuter Singular is formed πλάσμα G4110 Noun - Nominative Neuter Singular say ἐρεῖ G2046 Verb - Future Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular to Him who τῷ G3588 Article - Dative Masculine Singular formed [it] πλάσαντι G4111 Verb - Aorist Participle Active - Dative Masculine Singular Why Τί G5101 Interrogative / Indefinite Pronoun - Accusative Neuter Singular did You make ἐποίησας G4160 Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 2nd Person Singular me με G1473 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Accusative 1st Person Singular like this οὕτως G3779 Adverb

BSB notes

  • Isaiah 29:16; Isaiah 45:9
Verse 21

Original words

- G2228 Conjunction {Does} not οὐκ G3756 Adverb the G3588 Article - Nominative Masculine Singular potter κεραμεὺς G2763 Noun - Nominative Masculine Singular have ἔχει G2192 Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular the right ἐξουσίαν G1849 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular to make ποιῆσαι G4160 Verb - Aorist Infinitive Active from ἐκ G1537 Preposition the τοῦ G3588 Article - Genitive Neuter Singular same αὐτοῦ G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive Neuter 3rd Person Singular lump φυράματος G5445 Noun - Genitive Neuter Singular - τοῦ G3588 Article - Genitive Masculine Singular of clay πηλοῦ G4081 Noun - Genitive Masculine Singular one G3739 Personal / Relative Pronoun - Accusative Neuter Singular vessel σκεῦος G4632 Noun - Accusative Neuter Singular - μὲν G3303 Conjunction for εἰς G1519 Preposition special occasions τιμὴν G5092 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular and δὲ G1161 Conjunction [another] G3739 Personal / Relative Pronoun - Accusative Neuter Singular for εἰς G1519 Preposition common use ἀτιμίαν G819 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular
Verse 22

Original words

- δὲ G1161 Conjunction What if Εἰ G1487 Conjunction - G3588 Article - Nominative Masculine Singular God Θεὸς G2316 Noun - Nominative Masculine Singular intending θέλων G2309 Verb - Present Participle Active - Nominative Masculine Singular to show ἐνδείξασθαι G1731 Verb - Aorist Infinitive Middle [His] τὴν G3588 Article - Accusative Feminine Singular wrath ὀργὴν G3709 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular and καὶ G2532 Conjunction make γνωρίσαι G1107 Verb - Aorist Infinitive Active His αὐτοῦ G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive Masculine 3rd Person Singular - τὸ G3588 Article - Accusative Neuter Singular power {known} δυνατὸν G1415 Adjective - Accusative Neuter Singular bore ἤνεγκεν G5342 Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular with ἐν G1722 Preposition great πολλῇ G4183 Adjective - Dative Feminine Singular patience μακροθυμίᾳ G3115 Noun - Dative Feminine Singular [the] vessels σκεύη G4632 Noun - Accusative Neuter Plural of His wrath ὀργῆς G3709 Noun - Genitive Feminine Singular prepared κατηρτισμένα G2675 Verb - Perfect Participle Middle or Passive - Accusative Neuter Plural for εἰς G1519 Preposition destruction ἀπώλειαν G684 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular
Verse 23

Original words

[What if He did this] καὶ G2532 Conjunction to ἵνα G2443 Conjunction make γνωρίσῃ G1107 Verb - Aorist Subjunctive Active - 3rd Person Singular the τὸν G3588 Article - Accusative Masculine Singular riches πλοῦτον G4149 Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular of τῆς G3588 Article - Genitive Feminine Singular His αὐτοῦ G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive Masculine 3rd Person Singular glory {known} δόξης G1391 Noun - Genitive Feminine Singular to ἐπὶ G1909 Preposition [the] vessels σκεύη G4632 Noun - Accusative Neuter Plural of [His] mercy ἐλέους G1656 Noun - Genitive Neuter Singular whom G3739 Personal / Relative Pronoun - Accusative Neuter Plural He prepared in advance προητοίμασεν G4282 Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular for εἰς G1519 Preposition glory δόξαν G1391 Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular
Verse 24

Original words

including καὶ G2532 Conjunction us ἡμᾶς G1473 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Accusative 1st Person Plural whom οὓς G3739 Personal / Relative Pronoun - Accusative Masculine Plural He has called ἐκάλεσεν G2564 Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular not οὐ G3756 Adverb only μόνον G3440 Adverb from ἐξ G1537 Preposition [the] Jews Ἰουδαίων G2453 Adjective - Genitive Masculine Plural but ἀλλὰ G235 Conjunction also καὶ G2532 Conjunction from ἐξ G1537 Preposition [the] Gentiles ἐθνῶν G1484 Noun - Genitive Neuter Plural
Verse 25

Original words

As ὡς G5613 Adverb - καὶ G2532 Conjunction He says λέγει G3004 Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular in ἐν G1722 Preposition - τῷ G3588 Article - Dative Masculine Singular Hosea Ὡσηὲ G5617 Noun - Dative Masculine Singular I will call [them] Καλέσω G2564 Verb - Future Indicative Active - 1st Person Singular My μου G1473 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singular People λαόν G2992 Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular who [are] τὸν G3588 Article - Accusative Masculine Singular not οὐ G3756 Adverb My μου G1473 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singular people λαόν G2992 Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular and [I will call her] καὶ G2532 Conjunction [My] Beloved ἠγαπημένην G25 Verb - Perfect Participle Middle or Passive - Accusative Feminine Singular who [is] τὴν G3588 Article - Accusative Feminine Singular not οὐκ G3756 Adverb [My] beloved ἠγαπημένην G25 Verb - Perfect Participle Middle or Passive - Accusative Feminine Singular

BSB notes

  • Hosea 2:23
Verse 26

Original words

and Καὶ G2532 Conjunction It will happen that Ἔσται G1510 Verb - Future Indicative Middle - 3rd Person Singular in ἐν G1722 Preposition the τῷ G3588 Article - Dative Masculine Singular very place τόπῳ G5117 Noun - Dative Masculine Singular where οὗ G3739 Adverb it was said ἐρρέθη G2046 Verb - Aorist Indicative Passive - 3rd Person Singular to them αὐτοῖς G846 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Dative Masculine 3rd Person Plural You ὑμεῖς G4771 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Nominative 2nd Person Plural [are] not Οὐ G3756 Adverb My μου G1473 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singular people λαός G2992 Noun - Nominative Masculine Singular - ἐκεῖ G1563 Adverb they will be called κληθήσονται G2564 Verb - Future Indicative Passive - 3rd Person Plural sons Υἱοὶ G5207 Noun - Nominative Masculine Plural of [the] living ζῶντος G2198 Verb - Present Participle Active - Genitive Masculine Singular God Θεοῦ G2316 Noun - Genitive Masculine Singular

BSB notes

  • Hosea 1:10
Verse 27

Original words

- δὲ G1161 Conjunction Isaiah Ἠσαΐας G2268 Noun - Nominative Masculine Singular cries out κράζει G2896 Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular concerning ὑπὲρ G5228 Preposition - τοῦ G3588 Article - Genitive Masculine Singular Israel Ἰσραήλ G2474 Noun - Genitive Masculine Singular Though Ἐὰν G1437 Conjunction the G3588 Article - Nominative Masculine Singular number ἀριθμὸς G706 Noun - Nominative Masculine Singular of the τῶν G3588 Article - Genitive Masculine Plural vvv υἱῶν G5207 Noun - Genitive Masculine Plural Israelites Ἰσραὴλ G2474 Noun - Genitive Masculine Singular is G1510 Verb - Present Subjunctive Active - 3rd Person Singular like ὡς G5613 Adverb the G3588 Article - Nominative Feminine Singular sand ἄμμος G285 Noun - Nominative Feminine Singular of the τῆς G3588 Article - Genitive Feminine Singular sea θαλάσσης G2281 Noun - Genitive Feminine Singular [only] the τὸ G3588 Article - Nominative Neuter Singular remnant ὑπόλειμμα G5275 Noun - Nominative Neuter Singular will be saved σωθήσεται G4982 Verb - Future Indicative Passive - 3rd Person Singular
Verse 28

Original words

For γὰρ G1063 Conjunction [the] Lord Κύριος G2962 Noun - Nominative Masculine Singular will carry out ποιήσει G4160 Verb - Future Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular [His] sentence λόγον G3056 Noun - Accusative Masculine Singular on ἐπὶ G1909 Preposition the τῆς G3588 Article - Genitive Feminine Singular earth γῆς G1093 Noun - Genitive Feminine Singular thoroughly συντελῶν G4931 Verb - Present Participle Active - Nominative Masculine Singular and καὶ G2532 Conjunction decisively συντέμνων G4932 Verb - Present Participle Active - Nominative Masculine Singular

BSB notes

  • Isaiah 10:22–23 (see also LXX)
Verse 29

Original words

- Καὶ G2532 Conjunction [It is] just as καθὼς G2531 Adverb Isaiah Ἠσαΐας G2268 Noun - Nominative Masculine Singular foretold προείρηκεν G4302 Verb - Perfect Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular Unless Εἰ G1487 Conjunction . . . μὴ G3361 Adverb [the] Lord Κύριος G2962 Noun - Nominative Masculine Singular of Hosts Σαβαὼθ G4519 Noun - Genitive Masculine Plural had left ἐγκατέλιπεν G1459 Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular us ἡμῖν G1473 Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Dative 1st Person Plural descendants σπέρμα G4690 Noun - Accusative Neuter Singular vvv ἂν G302 Particle we would have become ἐγενήθημεν G1096 Verb - Aorist Indicative Passive - 1st Person Plural like ὡς G5613 Adverb Sodom Σόδομα G4670 Noun - Nominative Neuter Plural - καὶ G2532 Conjunction vvv ἂν G302 Particle we would have resembled ὡμοιώθημεν G3666 Verb - Aorist Indicative Passive - 1st Person Plural . . . ὡς G5613 Adverb Gomorrah Γόμορρα G1116 Noun - Nominative Feminine Singular

BSB notes

  • Isaiah 1:9 (see also LXX)

Berean Standard Bible (BSB): CC0 Public Domain Scripture text. Focused passages are drawn from the same reader contract as the full chapter. Reference sources explains external study-link sources.