Focused Passage

Romans 9:14-29

God’s Faithfulness, Sovereign Mercy, and Israel’s Stumbling Over Christ

Paul moves from anguished love for Israel, to Israel's covenant privileges, to the defense of God's unfailing word through promise and election, to God's sovereign mercy and hardening, to the potter's authority over vessels, to Gentile inclusion and remnant salvation, and finally to Israel's stumbling over Christ because they pursued righteousness by works rather than by faith.

Berean Standard Bible, Public Domain - Translation notes - Reference sources

14What then shall we say? Is God unjust? Certainly not!

15For He says to Moses: “I will have mercy on whom I have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I have compassion.”

16So then, it does not depend on man’s desire or effort, but on God’s mercy.

17For the Scripture says to Pharaoh: “I raised you up for this very purpose, that I might display My power in you, and that My name might be proclaimed in all the earth.”

18Therefore God has mercy on whom He wants to have mercy, and He hardens whom He wants to harden.

19One of you will say to me, “Then why does God still find fault? For who can resist His will?”

20But who are you, O man, to talk back to God? Shall what is formed say to Him who formed it, “Why did You make me like this?”

21Does not the potter have the right to make from the same lump of clay one vessel for special occasions and another for common use?

22What if God, intending to show His wrath and make His power known, bore with great patience the vessels of His wrath, prepared for destruction?

23What if He did this to make the riches of His glory known to the vessels of His mercy, whom He prepared in advance for glory—

24including us, whom He has called not only from the Jews, but also from the Gentiles?

25As He says in Hosea: “I will call them ‘My People’ who are not My people, and I will call her ‘My Beloved’ who is not My beloved,”

26and, “It will happen that in the very place where it was said to them, ‘You are not My people,’ they will be called ‘sons of the living God.’”

27Isaiah cries out concerning Israel: “Though the number of the Israelites is like the sand of the sea, only the remnant will be saved.

28For the Lord will carry out His sentence on the earth thoroughly and decisively.”

29It is just as Isaiah foretold: “Unless the Lord of Hosts had left us descendants, we would have become like Sodom, we would have resembled Gomorrah.”

Study Helps

References and Original Words

Verse 14

Original words

WhatΤίG5101Interrogative / Indefinite Pronoun - Accusative Neuter SingularthenοὖνG3767Conjunctionshall we sayἐροῦμενG2046Verb - Future Indicative Active - 1st Person Plural[Is]μὴG3361Adverb-παρὰG3844Preposition-τῷG3588Article - Dative Masculine SingularGodθεῷG2316Noun - Dative Masculine SingularunjustἀδικίαG93Noun - Nominative Feminine SingularvvvμὴG3361AdverbCertainly notγένοιτοG1096Verb - Aorist Optative Middle - 3rd Person Singular
Verse 15

Original words

ForγὰρG1063ConjunctionHe saysλέγειG3004Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person SingulartoτῷG3588Article - Dative Masculine SingularMosesΜωϋσεῖG3475Noun - Dative Masculine SingularI will have mercy onἘλεήσωG1653Verb - Future Indicative Active - 1st Person SingularwhomὃνG3739Personal / Relative Pronoun - Accusative Masculine SingularvvvἂνG302ParticleI have mercyἐλεῶG1653Verb - Present Subjunctive Active - 1st Person SingularandκαὶG2532ConjunctionI will have compassion onοἰκτιρήσω*G3627Verb - Future Indicative Active - 1st Person SingularwhomὃνG3739Personal / Relative Pronoun - Accusative Masculine SingularvvvἂνG302ParticleI have compassionοἰκτίρω*G3627Verb - Present Subjunctive Active - 1st Person Singular

BSB notes

  • Exodus 33:19
Verse 16

Original words

SoἌραG686ConjunctionthenοὖνG3767Conjunction[it does] not [depend]οὐG3756Adverbon man’sτοῦG3588Article - Genitive Masculine SingulardesireθέλοντοςG2309Verb - Present Participle Active - Genitive Masculine Singular[or]οὐδὲG3761Conjunction-τοῦG3588Article - Genitive Masculine SingulareffortτρέχοντοςG5143Verb - Present Participle Active - Genitive Masculine SingularbutἀλλὰG235ConjunctiononτοῦG3588Article - Genitive Masculine SingularGod’sΘεοῦG2316Noun - Genitive Masculine SingularmercyἐλεῶντοςG1653Verb - Present Participle Active - Genitive Masculine Singular
Verse 17

Original words

ForγὰρG1063ConjunctiontheG3588Article - Nominative Feminine SingularScriptureγραφὴG1124Noun - Nominative Feminine SingularsaysλέγειG3004Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person SingulartoτῷG3588Article - Dative Masculine SingularPharaohΦαραὼG5328Noun - Dative Masculine Singular-ὅτιG3754ConjunctionI raised you upἐξήγειράG1825Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 1st Person Singular. . .σεG4771Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Accusative 2nd Person SingularforΕἰςG1519Prepositionthis veryαὐτὸG846Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Accusative Neuter 3rd Person Singular[purpose]τοῦτοG3778Demonstrative Pronoun - Accusative Neuter SingularthatὅπωςG3704ConjunctionI might displayἐνδείξωμαιG1731Verb - Aorist Subjunctive Middle - 1st Person SingularMyμουG1473Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singular-τὴνG3588Article - Accusative Feminine SingularpowerδύναμίνG1411Noun - Accusative Feminine SingularinἐνG1722PrepositionyouσοὶG4771Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Dative 2nd Person SingularandκαὶG2532ConjunctionthatὅπωςG3704ConjunctionMyμουG1473Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person Singular-τὸG3588Article - Accusative Neuter SingularnameὄνομάG3686Noun - Accusative Neuter Singularmight be proclaimedδιαγγελῇG1229Verb - Aorist Subjunctive Passive - 3rd Person SingularinἐνG1722PrepositionallπάσῃG3956Adjective - Dative Feminine SingulartheτῇG3588Article - Dative Feminine SingularearthγῇG1093Noun - Dative Feminine Singular

BSB notes

  • Exodus 9:16 (see also LXX)
Verse 18

Original words

ThereforeἄραG686Conjunction. . .οὖνG3767Conjunction[God] has mercyἐλεεῖG1653Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singularon whomὃνG3739Personal / Relative Pronoun - Accusative Masculine SingularHe wants [to have mercy ]θέλειG2309Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person SingularandδὲG1161ConjunctionHe hardensσκληρύνειG4645Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person SingularwhomὃνG3739Personal / Relative Pronoun - Accusative Masculine SingularHe wants [ to harden ]θέλειG2309Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular
Verse 19

Original words

-οὖνG3767ConjunctionOne of you will sayἘρεῖςG2046Verb - Future Indicative Active - 2nd Person Singularto meμοιG1473Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Dative 1st Person SingularThenοὖνG3767ConjunctionwhyΤίG5101Interrogative / Indefinite Pronoun - Accusative Neuter SingularvvvἔτιG2089Adverbdoes [God] still find faultμέμφεταιG3201Verb - Present Indicative Middle or Passive - 3rd Person SingularForγὰρG1063ConjunctionwhoτίςG5101Interrogative / Indefinite Pronoun - Nominative Masculine Singularcan resistἀνθέστηκενG436Verb - Perfect Indicative Active - 3rd Person SingularHisαὐτοῦG846Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive Masculine 3rd Person Singular-τῷG3588Article - Dative Neuter SingularwillβουλήματιG1013Noun - Dative Neuter Singular
Verse 20

Original words

ButμενοῦνγεG3304ParticlewhoτίςG5101Interrogative / Indefinite Pronoun - Nominative Masculine Singularare youεἶG1510Verb - Present Indicative Active - 2nd Person SingularOG5599InterjectionmanἄνθρωπεG444Noun - Vocative Masculine Singular-σὺG4771Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Nominative 2nd Person Singular-G3588Article - Nominative Masculine Singularto talk backἀνταποκρινόμενοςG470Verb - Present Participle Middle or Passive - Nominative Masculine Singular-τῷG3588Article - Dative Masculine Singularto GodΘεῷG2316Noun - Dative Masculine Singular[Shall]μὴG3361AdverbwhatτὸG3588Article - Nominative Neuter Singularis formedπλάσμαG4110Noun - Nominative Neuter SingularsayἐρεῖG2046Verb - Future Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singularto Him whoτῷG3588Article - Dative Masculine Singularformed [it]πλάσαντιG4111Verb - Aorist Participle Active - Dative Masculine SingularWhyΤίG5101Interrogative / Indefinite Pronoun - Accusative Neuter Singulardid You makeἐποίησαςG4160Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 2nd Person SingularmeμεG1473Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Accusative 1st Person Singularlike thisοὕτωςG3779Adverb

BSB notes

  • Isaiah 29:16; Isaiah 45:9
Verse 21

Original words

-G2228Conjunction{Does} notοὐκG3756AdverbtheG3588Article - Nominative Masculine SingularpotterκεραμεὺςG2763Noun - Nominative Masculine SingularhaveἔχειG2192Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singularthe rightἐξουσίανG1849Noun - Accusative Feminine Singularto makeποιῆσαιG4160Verb - Aorist Infinitive ActivefromἐκG1537PrepositiontheτοῦG3588Article - Genitive Neuter SingularsameαὐτοῦG846Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive Neuter 3rd Person SingularlumpφυράματοςG5445Noun - Genitive Neuter Singular-τοῦG3588Article - Genitive Masculine Singularof clayπηλοῦG4081Noun - Genitive Masculine SingularoneG3739Personal / Relative Pronoun - Accusative Neuter SingularvesselσκεῦοςG4632Noun - Accusative Neuter Singular-μὲνG3303ConjunctionforεἰςG1519Prepositionspecial occasionsτιμὴνG5092Noun - Accusative Feminine SingularandδὲG1161Conjunction[another]G3739Personal / Relative Pronoun - Accusative Neuter SingularforεἰςG1519Prepositioncommon useἀτιμίανG819Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular
Verse 22

Original words

-δὲG1161ConjunctionWhat ifΕἰG1487Conjunction-G3588Article - Nominative Masculine SingularGodΘεὸςG2316Noun - Nominative Masculine SingularintendingθέλωνG2309Verb - Present Participle Active - Nominative Masculine Singularto showἐνδείξασθαιG1731Verb - Aorist Infinitive Middle[His]τὴνG3588Article - Accusative Feminine SingularwrathὀργὴνG3709Noun - Accusative Feminine SingularandκαὶG2532ConjunctionmakeγνωρίσαιG1107Verb - Aorist Infinitive ActiveHisαὐτοῦG846Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive Masculine 3rd Person Singular-τὸG3588Article - Accusative Neuter Singularpower {known}δυνατὸνG1415Adjective - Accusative Neuter SingularboreἤνεγκενG5342Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person SingularwithἐνG1722PrepositiongreatπολλῇG4183Adjective - Dative Feminine SingularpatienceμακροθυμίᾳG3115Noun - Dative Feminine Singular[the] vesselsσκεύηG4632Noun - Accusative Neuter Pluralof His wrathὀργῆςG3709Noun - Genitive Feminine SingularpreparedκατηρτισμέναG2675Verb - Perfect Participle Middle or Passive - Accusative Neuter PluralforεἰςG1519PrepositiondestructionἀπώλειανG684Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular
Verse 23

Original words

[What if He did this]καὶG2532ConjunctiontoἵναG2443ConjunctionmakeγνωρίσῃG1107Verb - Aorist Subjunctive Active - 3rd Person SingulartheτὸνG3588Article - Accusative Masculine SingularrichesπλοῦτονG4149Noun - Accusative Masculine SingularofτῆςG3588Article - Genitive Feminine SingularHisαὐτοῦG846Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive Masculine 3rd Person Singularglory {known}δόξηςG1391Noun - Genitive Feminine SingulartoἐπὶG1909Preposition[the] vesselsσκεύηG4632Noun - Accusative Neuter Pluralof [His] mercyἐλέουςG1656Noun - Genitive Neuter SingularwhomG3739Personal / Relative Pronoun - Accusative Neuter PluralHe prepared in advanceπροητοίμασενG4282Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person SingularforεἰςG1519PrepositiongloryδόξανG1391Noun - Accusative Feminine Singular
Verse 24

Original words

includingκαὶG2532ConjunctionusἡμᾶςG1473Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Accusative 1st Person PluralwhomοὓςG3739Personal / Relative Pronoun - Accusative Masculine PluralHe has calledἐκάλεσενG2564Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person SingularnotοὐG3756AdverbonlyμόνονG3440AdverbfromἐξG1537Preposition[the] JewsἸουδαίωνG2453Adjective - Genitive Masculine PluralbutἀλλὰG235ConjunctionalsoκαὶG2532ConjunctionfromἐξG1537Preposition[the] GentilesἐθνῶνG1484Noun - Genitive Neuter Plural
Verse 25

Original words

AsὡςG5613Adverb-καὶG2532ConjunctionHe saysλέγειG3004Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person SingularinἐνG1722Preposition-τῷG3588Article - Dative Masculine SingularHoseaὩσηὲG5617Noun - Dative Masculine SingularI will call [them]ΚαλέσωG2564Verb - Future Indicative Active - 1st Person SingularMyμουG1473Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person SingularPeopleλαόνG2992Noun - Accusative Masculine Singularwho [are]τὸνG3588Article - Accusative Masculine SingularnotοὐG3756AdverbMyμουG1473Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person SingularpeopleλαόνG2992Noun - Accusative Masculine Singularand [I will call her]καὶG2532Conjunction[My] BelovedἠγαπημένηνG25Verb - Perfect Participle Middle or Passive - Accusative Feminine Singularwho [is]τὴνG3588Article - Accusative Feminine SingularnotοὐκG3756Adverb[My] belovedἠγαπημένηνG25Verb - Perfect Participle Middle or Passive - Accusative Feminine Singular

BSB notes

  • Hosea 2:23
Verse 26

Original words

andΚαὶG2532ConjunctionIt will happen thatἜσταιG1510Verb - Future Indicative Middle - 3rd Person SingularinἐνG1722PrepositiontheτῷG3588Article - Dative Masculine Singularvery placeτόπῳG5117Noun - Dative Masculine SingularwhereοὗG3739Adverbit was saidἐρρέθηG2046Verb - Aorist Indicative Passive - 3rd Person Singularto themαὐτοῖςG846Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Dative Masculine 3rd Person PluralYouὑμεῖςG4771Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Nominative 2nd Person Plural[are] notΟὐG3756AdverbMyμουG1473Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Genitive 1st Person SingularpeopleλαόςG2992Noun - Nominative Masculine Singular-ἐκεῖG1563Adverbthey will be calledκληθήσονταιG2564Verb - Future Indicative Passive - 3rd Person PluralsonsΥἱοὶG5207Noun - Nominative Masculine Pluralof [the] livingζῶντοςG2198Verb - Present Participle Active - Genitive Masculine SingularGodΘεοῦG2316Noun - Genitive Masculine Singular

BSB notes

  • Hosea 1:10
Verse 27

Original words

-δὲG1161ConjunctionIsaiahἨσαΐαςG2268Noun - Nominative Masculine Singularcries outκράζειG2896Verb - Present Indicative Active - 3rd Person SingularconcerningὑπὲρG5228Preposition-τοῦG3588Article - Genitive Masculine SingularIsraelἸσραήλG2474Noun - Genitive Masculine SingularThoughἘὰνG1437ConjunctiontheG3588Article - Nominative Masculine SingularnumberἀριθμὸςG706Noun - Nominative Masculine Singularof theτῶνG3588Article - Genitive Masculine PluralvvvυἱῶνG5207Noun - Genitive Masculine PluralIsraelitesἸσραὴλG2474Noun - Genitive Masculine SingularisG1510Verb - Present Subjunctive Active - 3rd Person SingularlikeὡςG5613AdverbtheG3588Article - Nominative Feminine SingularsandἄμμοςG285Noun - Nominative Feminine Singularof theτῆςG3588Article - Genitive Feminine SingularseaθαλάσσηςG2281Noun - Genitive Feminine Singular[only] theτὸG3588Article - Nominative Neuter SingularremnantὑπόλειμμαG5275Noun - Nominative Neuter Singularwill be savedσωθήσεταιG4982Verb - Future Indicative Passive - 3rd Person Singular
Verse 28

Original words

ForγὰρG1063Conjunction[the] LordΚύριοςG2962Noun - Nominative Masculine Singularwill carry outποιήσειG4160Verb - Future Indicative Active - 3rd Person Singular[His] sentenceλόγονG3056Noun - Accusative Masculine SingularonἐπὶG1909PrepositiontheτῆςG3588Article - Genitive Feminine SingularearthγῆςG1093Noun - Genitive Feminine SingularthoroughlyσυντελῶνG4931Verb - Present Participle Active - Nominative Masculine SingularandκαὶG2532ConjunctiondecisivelyσυντέμνωνG4932Verb - Present Participle Active - Nominative Masculine Singular

BSB notes

  • Isaiah 10:22–23 (see also LXX)
Verse 29

Original words

-ΚαὶG2532Conjunction[It is] just asκαθὼςG2531AdverbIsaiahἨσαΐαςG2268Noun - Nominative Masculine SingularforetoldπροείρηκενG4302Verb - Perfect Indicative Active - 3rd Person SingularUnlessΕἰG1487Conjunction. . .μὴG3361Adverb[the] LordΚύριοςG2962Noun - Nominative Masculine Singularof HostsΣαβαὼθG4519Noun - Genitive Masculine Pluralhad leftἐγκατέλιπενG1459Verb - Aorist Indicative Active - 3rd Person SingularusἡμῖνG1473Personal / Possessive Pronoun - Dative 1st Person PluraldescendantsσπέρμαG4690Noun - Accusative Neuter SingularvvvἂνG302Particlewe would have becomeἐγενήθημενG1096Verb - Aorist Indicative Passive - 1st Person PlurallikeὡςG5613AdverbSodomΣόδομαG4670Noun - Nominative Neuter Plural-καὶG2532ConjunctionvvvἂνG302Particlewe would have resembledὡμοιώθημενG3666Verb - Aorist Indicative Passive - 1st Person Plural. . .ὡςG5613AdverbGomorrahΓόμορραG1116Noun - Nominative Feminine Singular

BSB notes

  • Isaiah 1:9 (see also LXX)

Berean Standard Bible (BSB): CC0 Public Domain Scripture text. Focused passages are drawn from the same reader contract as the full chapter. Reference sources explains external study-link sources.