Focused Passage

Deuteronomy 19:1-13

Cities of Refuge, Boundary Markers, and Faithful Witnesses

Cities of refuge protect the innocent slayer from wrongful death; the boundary statute guards every family's covenantal inheritance; the witness laws purge false accusation and ensure that the punishment the perjurer intended falls on himself instead.

Berean Standard Bible, Public Domain - Translation notes - Reference sources

1 When the LORD your God has cut off the nations whose land He is giving you, and when you have driven them out and settled in their cities and houses,

2 then you are to set apart for yourselves three cities within the land that the LORD your God is giving you to possess.

3 You are to build roads for yourselves and divide into three regions the land that the LORD your God is giving you as an inheritance, so that any manslayer can flee to these cities.

4 Now this is the situation regarding the manslayer who flees to one of these cities to save his life, having killed his neighbor accidentally, without intending to harm him:

5 If he goes into the forest with his neighbor to cut timber and swings his axe to chop down a tree, but the blade flies off the handle and strikes and kills his neighbor, he may flee to one of these cities to save his life.

6 Otherwise, the avenger of blood might pursue the manslayer in a rage, overtake him if the distance is great, and strike him dead though he did not deserve to die, since he did not intend any harm.

7 This is why I am commanding you to set apart for yourselves three cities.

8 And if the LORD your God enlarges your territory, as He swore to your fathers, and gives you all the land He promised them,

9 and if you carefully keep all these commandments I am giving you today, loving the LORD your God and walking in His ways at all times, then you are to add three more cities to these three.

10 Thus innocent blood will not be shed in the land that the LORD your God is giving you as an inheritance, so that you will not be guilty of bloodshed.

11 If, however, a man hates his neighbor and lies in wait, attacks him and kills him, and then flees to one of these cities,

12 the elders of his city must send for him, bring him back, and hand him over to the avenger of blood to die.

13 You must show him no pity. You are to purge from Israel the guilt of shedding innocent blood, that it may go well with you.

Study Helps

References and Original Words

Verse 1

Original words

When כִּֽי־ H3588 Conjunction the LORD יְהוָ֤ה H3068 Noun - proper - masculine singular your God אֱלֹהֶ֙יךָ֙ H430 Noun - masculine plural construct | second person masculine singular - אֶת־ H853 Direct object marker has cut off יַכְרִ֞ית H3772 Verb - Hifil - Imperfect - third person masculine singular the nations הַגּוֹיִ֔ם H1471 Article | Noun - masculine plural - אֲשֶׁר֙ H834 Pronoun - relative whose land אַרְצָ֑ם H776 Noun - feminine singular construct | third person masculine plural He יְהוָ֣ה H3068 Noun - proper - masculine singular . . . אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ H430 Noun - masculine plural construct | second person masculine singular is giving נֹתֵ֥ן H5414 Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine singular you לְךָ֖ Preposition | second person masculine singular - אֶת־ H853 Direct object marker and when you have driven them out וִֽירִשְׁתָּ֕ם H3423 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - second person masculine singular | third person masculine plural and settled וְיָשַׁבְתָּ֥ H3427 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - second person masculine singular in their cities בְעָרֵיהֶ֖ם H5892 Preposition-b | Noun - feminine plural construct | third person masculine plural and houses וּבְבָתֵּיהֶֽם׃ H1004 Conjunctive waw, Preposition-b | Noun - masculine plural construct | third person masculine plural
Verse 2

Original words

then you are to set apart תַּבְדִּ֣יל H914 Verb - Hifil - Imperfect - second person masculine singular for yourselves לָ֑ךְ Preposition | second person masculine singular three שָׁל֥וֹשׁ H7969 Number - feminine singular cities עָרִ֖ים H5892 Noun - feminine plural within בְּת֣וֹךְ H8432 Preposition-b | Noun - masculine singular construct the land אַרְצְךָ֔ H776 Noun - feminine singular construct | second person masculine singular that אֲשֶׁר֙ H834 Pronoun - relative the LORD יְהוָ֣ה H3068 Noun - proper - masculine singular your God אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ H430 Noun - masculine plural construct | second person masculine singular is giving נֹתֵ֥ן H5414 Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine singular you לְךָ֖ Preposition | second person masculine singular to possess לְרִשְׁתָּֽהּ׃ H3423 Preposition-l | Verb - Qal - Infinitive construct | third person feminine singular
Verse 3

Original words

You are to build תָּכִ֣ין H3559 Verb - Hifil - Imperfect - second person masculine singular roads הַדֶּרֶךְ֒ H1870 Article | Noun - common singular for yourselves לְךָ֮ Preposition | second person masculine singular and divide into three regions וְשִׁלַּשְׁתָּ֙ H8027 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Piel - Conjunctive perfect - second person masculine singular - אֶת־ H853 Direct object marker - גְּב֣וּל H1366 Noun - masculine singular construct the land אַרְצְךָ֔ H776 Noun - feminine singular construct | second person masculine singular that אֲשֶׁ֥ר H834 Pronoun - relative the LORD יְהוָ֣ה H3068 Noun - proper - masculine singular your God אֱלֹהֶ֑יךָ H430 Noun - masculine plural construct | second person masculine singular . . . וְהָיָ֕ה H1961 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singular is giving you as an inheritance יַנְחִֽילְךָ֖ H5157 Verb - Hifil - Imperfect - third person masculine singular | second person masculine singular so that any כָּל־ H3605 Noun - masculine singular construct manslayer רֹצֵֽחַ׃ H7523 Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine singular can flee לָנ֥וּס H5127 Preposition-l | Verb - Qal - Infinitive construct to these cities שָׁ֖מָּה H8033 Adverb | third person feminine singular

BSB notes

  • Or You are to survey the way
Verse 4

Original words

Now this וְזֶה֙ H2088 Conjunctive waw | Pronoun - masculine singular is the situation דְּבַ֣ר H1697 Noun - masculine singular construct regarding the manslayer הָרֹצֵ֔חַ H7523 Article | Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine singular who אֲשֶׁר־ H834 Pronoun - relative flees יָנ֥וּס H5127 Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular [to one of these cities] שָׁ֖מָּה H8033 Adverb | third person feminine singular to save his life וָחָ֑י H2421 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singular - אֲשֶׁ֨ר H834 Pronoun - relative having killed יַכֶּ֤ה H5221 Verb - Hifil - Imperfect - third person masculine singular - אֶת־ H853 Direct object marker his neighbor רֵעֵ֙הוּ֙ H7453 Noun - masculine singular construct | third person masculine singular accidentally בִּבְלִי־ H1097 Preposition-b | Adverb . . . דַ֔עַת H1847 Noun - feminine singular . . . וְה֛וּא H1931 Conjunctive waw | Pronoun - third person masculine singular without לֹא־ H3808 Adverb - Negative particle intending to harm שֹׂנֵ֥א H8130 Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine singular him ל֖וֹ Preposition | third person masculine singular - מִתְּמֹ֥ל H8543 Preposition-m | Adverb - שִׁלְשֹֽׁם׃ H8032 Adverb
Verse 5

Original words

If וַאֲשֶׁר֩ H834 Conjunctive waw | Pronoun - relative he goes יָבֹ֨א H935 Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular into the forest בַיַּעַר֮ H3293 Preposition-b, Article | Noun - masculine singular with אֶת־ H854 Preposition his neighbor רֵעֵ֥הוּ H7453 Noun - masculine singular construct | third person masculine singular to cut לַחְטֹ֣ב H2404 Preposition-l | Verb - Qal - Infinitive construct timber עֵצִים֒ H6086 Noun - masculine plural vvv יָד֤וֹ H3027 Noun - feminine singular construct | third person masculine singular and swings וְנִדְּחָ֨ה H5080 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Nifal - Conjunctive perfect - third person feminine singular his axe בַגַּרְזֶן֙ H1631 Preposition-b, Article | Noun - masculine singular to chop down לִכְרֹ֣ת H3772 Preposition-l | Verb - Qal - Infinitive construct a tree הָעֵ֔ץ H6086 Article | Noun - masculine singular but the blade flies off וְנָשַׁ֤ל H5394 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singular . . . הַבַּרְזֶל֙ H1270 Article | Noun - masculine singular . . . מִן־ H4480 Preposition the handle הָעֵ֔ץ H6086 Article | Noun - masculine singular and strikes וּמָצָ֥א H4672 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singular - אֶת־ H853 Direct object marker and kills וָמֵ֑ת H4191 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singular his neighbor רֵעֵ֖הוּ H7453 Noun - masculine singular construct | third person masculine singular he ה֗וּא H1931 Pronoun - third person masculine singular may flee יָנ֛וּס H5127 Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular to אֶל־ H413 Preposition one אַחַ֥ת H259 Number - feminine singular construct of these הָאֵ֖לֶּה H428 Article | Pronoun - common plural cities הֶעָרִים־ H5892 Article | Noun - feminine plural to save his life וָחָֽי׃ H2421 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singular
Verse 6

Original words

Otherwise פֶּן־ H6435 Conjunction the avenger גֹּאֵ֨ל H1350 Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine singular construct of blood הַדָּ֜ם H1818 Article | Noun - masculine singular might pursue יִרְדֹּף֩ H7291 Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular the manslayer הָרֹצֵ֗חַ H7523 Article | Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine singular אַחֲרֵ֣י אַחֲרֵ֣י H310 Preposition in a rage לְבָבוֹ֒ H3824 Noun - masculine singular construct | third person masculine singular - כִּי־ H3588 Conjunction - יֵחַם֮ H2552 Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular overtake him וְהִשִּׂיג֛וֹ H5381 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Hifil - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singular | third person masculine singular if כִּֽי־ H3588 Conjunction the distance הַדֶּ֖רֶךְ H1870 Article | Noun - common singular is great יִרְבֶּ֥ה H7235 Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular and strike him וְהִכָּ֣הוּ H5221 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Hifil - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singular | third person masculine singular dead נָ֑פֶשׁ H5315 Noun - feminine singular though he וְלוֹ֙ Conjunctive waw | Preposition | third person masculine singular did not אֵ֣ין H369 Adverb deserve מִשְׁפַּט־ H4941 Noun - masculine singular construct to die מָ֔וֶת H4194 Noun - masculine singular since כִּ֠י H3588 Conjunction he ה֛וּא H1931 Pronoun - third person masculine singular did not לֹ֣א H3808 Adverb - Negative particle intend any harm שֹׂנֵ֥א H8130 Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine singular . . . מִתְּמ֥וֹל H8543 Preposition-m | Adverb . . . שִׁלְשֽׁוֹם׃ H8032 Adverb
Verse 7

Original words

This is why עַל־ H5921 Preposition . . . כֵּ֛ן H3651 Adverb I אָנֹכִ֥י H595 Pronoun - first person common singular am commanding מְצַוְּךָ֖ H6680 Verb - Piel - Participle - masculine singular construct | second person masculine singular . . . לֵאמֹ֑ר H559 Preposition-l | Verb - Qal - Infinitive construct you to set apart תַּבְדִּ֥יל H914 Verb - Hifil - Imperfect - second person masculine singular for yourselves לָֽךְ׃ס Preposition | second person masculine singular three שָׁלֹ֥שׁ H7969 Number - feminine singular cities עָרִ֖ים H5892 Noun - feminine plural
Verse 8

Original words

And if וְאִם־ H518 Conjunction the LORD יְהוָ֤ה H3068 Noun - proper - masculine singular your God אֱלֹהֶ֙יךָ֙ H430 Noun - masculine plural construct | second person masculine singular - אֶת־ H853 Direct object marker enlarges יַרְחִ֞יב H7337 Verb - Hifil - Imperfect - third person masculine singular your territory גְּבֻ֣לְךָ֔ H1366 Noun - masculine singular construct | second person masculine singular as כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר H834 Preposition-k | Pronoun - relative He swore נִשְׁבַּ֖ע H7650 Verb - Nifal - Perfect - third person masculine singular to your fathers לַאֲבֹתֶ֑יךָ H1 Preposition-l | Noun - masculine plural construct | second person masculine singular and gives וְנָ֤תַן H5414 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singular you לְךָ֙ Preposition | second person masculine singular - אֶת־ H853 Direct object marker all כָּל־ H3605 Noun - masculine singular construct the land הָאָ֔רֶץ H776 Article | Noun - feminine singular - אֲשֶׁ֥ר H834 Pronoun - relative He promised דִּבֶּ֖ר H1696 Verb - Piel - Perfect - third person masculine singular . . . לָתֵ֥ת H5414 Preposition-l | Verb - Qal - Infinitive construct them לַאֲבֹתֶֽיךָ׃ H1 Preposition-l | Noun - masculine plural construct | second person masculine singular
Verse 9

Original words

and if כִּֽי־ H3588 Conjunction you carefully keep תִשְׁמֹר֩ H8104 Verb - Qal - Imperfect - second person masculine singular - אֶת־ H853 Direct object marker - לַעֲשֹׂתָ֗הּ H6213 Preposition-l | Verb - Qal - Infinitive construct | third person feminine singular - אֲשֶׁ֨ר H834 Pronoun - relative all כָּל־ H3605 Noun - masculine singular construct these הַזֹּ֜את H2063 Article | Pronoun - feminine singular commandments הַמִּצְוָ֨ה H4687 Article | Noun - feminine singular I אָנֹכִ֣י H595 Pronoun - first person common singular am giving you מְצַוְּךָ֮ H6680 Verb - Piel - Participle - masculine singular construct | second person masculine singular today הַיּוֹם֒ H3117 Article | Noun - masculine singular loving לְאַהֲבָ֞ה H157 Preposition-l | Verb - Qal - Infinitive construct | third person feminine singular - אֶת־ H853 Direct object marker the LORD יְהוָ֧ה H3068 Noun - proper - masculine singular your God אֱלֹהֶ֛יךָ H430 Noun - masculine plural construct | second person masculine singular and walking וְלָלֶ֥כֶת H1980 Conjunctive waw, Preposition-l | Verb - Qal - Infinitive construct in His ways בִּדְרָכָ֖יו H1870 Preposition-b | Noun - common plural construct | third person masculine singular at all times כָּל־ H3605 Noun - masculine singular construct . . . הַיָּמִ֑ים H3117 Article | Noun - masculine plural then you are to add וְיָסַפְתָּ֨ H3254 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - second person masculine singular three שָׁלֹ֣שׁ H7969 Number - feminine singular more עוֹד֙ H5750 Adverb cities עָרִ֔ים H5892 Noun - feminine plural to עַ֖ל H5921 Preposition these הָאֵֽלֶּה׃ H428 Article | Pronoun - common plural three הַשָּׁלֹ֥שׁ H7969 Article | Number - feminine singular
Verse 10

Original words

Thus innocent נָקִ֔י H5355 Adjective - masculine singular blood דָּ֣ם H1818 Noun - masculine singular will not וְלֹ֤א H3808 Conjunctive waw | Adverb - Negative particle be shed יִשָּׁפֵךְ֙ H8210 Verb - Nifal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular in בְּקֶ֣רֶב H7130 Preposition-b | Noun - masculine singular construct the land אַרְצְךָ֔ H776 Noun - feminine singular construct | second person masculine singular that אֲשֶׁר֙ H834 Pronoun - relative the LORD יְהוָ֣ה H3068 Noun - proper - masculine singular your God אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ H430 Noun - masculine plural construct | second person masculine singular is giving נֹתֵ֥ן H5414 Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine singular you לְךָ֖ Preposition | second person masculine singular [as] an inheritance נַחֲלָ֑ה H5159 Noun - feminine singular so that you will not be וְהָיָ֥ה H1961 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singular . . . עָלֶ֖יךָ H5921 Preposition | second person masculine singular guilty of bloodshed דָּמִֽים׃ס H1818 Noun - masculine plural
Verse 11

Original words

If, however וְכִֽי־ H3588 Conjunction . . . יִהְיֶ֥ה H1961 Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person masculine singular a man אִישׁ֙ H376 Noun - masculine singular hates שֹׂנֵ֣א H8130 Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine singular his neighbor לְרֵעֵ֔הוּ H7453 Preposition-l | Noun - masculine singular construct | third person masculine singular and lies in wait וְאָ֤רַב H693 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singular attacks וְקָ֣ם H6965 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singular him עָלָ֔יו H5921 Preposition | third person masculine singular and kills him וְהִכָּ֥הוּ H5221 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Hifil - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singular | third person masculine singular . . . נֶ֖פֶשׁ H5315 Noun - feminine singular . . . וָמֵ֑ת H4191 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singular and then flees וְנָ֕ס H5127 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singular to אֶל־ H413 Preposition one אַחַ֖ת H259 Number - feminine singular construct of these הָאֵֽל׃ H411 Article | Pronoun - common plural cities הֶעָרִ֥ים H5892 Article | Noun - feminine plural
Verse 12

Original words

the elders זִקְנֵ֣י H2205 Adjective - masculine plural construct of his city עִיר֔וֹ H5892 Noun - feminine singular construct | third person masculine singular must send for him וְשָֽׁלְחוּ֙ H7971 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person common plural bring וְלָקְח֥וּ H3947 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person common plural him אֹת֖וֹ H853 Direct object marker | third person masculine singular back מִשָּׁ֑ם H8033 Preposition-m | Adverb and hand him over to וְנָתְנ֣וּ H5414 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person common plural - אֹת֗וֹ H853 Direct object marker | third person masculine singular - בְּיַ֛ד H3027 Preposition-b | Noun - feminine singular construct the avenger גֹּאֵ֥ל H1350 Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine singular construct of blood הַדָּ֖ם H1818 Article | Noun - masculine singular to die וָמֵֽת׃ H4191 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singular
Verse 13

Original words

vvv לֹא־ H3808 Adverb - Negative particle You must show him no pity תָח֥וֹס H2347 Verb - Qal - Imperfect - third person feminine singular . . . עָלָ֑יו H5921 Preposition | third person masculine singular . . . עֵֽינְךָ֖ H5869 Noun - common singular construct | second person masculine singular You are to purge וּבִֽעַרְתָּ֧ H1197 Conjunctive waw | Verb - Piel - Conjunctive perfect - second person masculine singular from Israel מִיִּשְׂרָאֵ֖ל H3478 Preposition-m | Noun - proper - masculine singular the guilt of shedding innocent הַנָּקִ֛י H5355 Article | Adjective - masculine singular blood דַֽם־ H1818 Noun - masculine singular construct that it may go well וְט֥וֹב H2896 Conjunctive waw | Adjective - masculine singular with you לָֽךְ׃ס Preposition | second person masculine singular

Berean Standard Bible (BSB): CC0 Public Domain Scripture text. Focused passages are drawn from the same reader contract as the full chapter. Reference sources explains external study-link sources.